I correctly predicted that there was a violation of human rights in GULYAN v. ARMENIA.

Information

• Judgment date: 2018-09-20
• Communication date: 2015-10-20
• Application number(s): 11244/12
• Country:   ARM
• Relevant ECHR article(s): 2, 2-1, 5, 5-1, 13
• Conclusion:
  Violation of Article 2 - Right to life (Article 2-1 - Life) (Substantive aspect)
  Violation of Article 2 - Right to life (Article 2-1 - Effective investigation) (Procedural aspect)
• Result: Violation
SEE FINAL JUDGMENT

JURI Prediction

• Probability: 0.61579
• Prediction: Violation

• Consistent

Communication text used for prediction

The applicant, Mr Ashot Gulyan, is an Armenian national, who was born in 1942 and lives in Yerevan.
He is represented before the Court by Mr A. Karakhanyan, Mr H. Ghukasyan and Mrs M. Gulyan, lawyers practising in Yerevan.
A.
The circumstances of the case The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant, may be summarised as follows.
1.
The death of the applicant’s son On 9 May 2007 at around 10.30 p.m. a third person, S.V., was shot dead following an argument in front of a restaurant owned by the applicant’s son, Levon Gulyan, aged 30.
It appears that later that evening a team of law enforcement officers arrived at the crime scene, which included several police officers of the local Shengavit District Police Station, investigators of the Shengavit District Prosecutor’s Office and two officers of the Principal Department for Criminal Intelligence (PDCI) of the Armenian Police: Deputy Head of PDCI, H.T., and Head of the Homicide Unit, G.T.
On 10 May 2007 at around 3-4 a.m. Levon Gulyan was taken by police officers to the Shengavit District Police Station in connection with the incident.
It appears that PDCI officers H.T.
and G.T.
had a talk with him for several hours, after which he was taken to the Shengavit District Prosecutor’s Office where between 11.40 a.m. and 12.55 p.m. he was questioned as a witness by the prosecutor.
Levon Gulyan stated during questioning that he had gone out of his restaurant to smoke that evening when he noticed a group of young people having an argument.
He had unsuccessfully tried to calm them down and then had gone back into the restaurant.
Later, when leaving the restaurant, he had seen police and other cars and found out that someone had been fatally shot.
He had not seen the murder or heard gun shots.
It appears that Levon Gulyan was kept thereafter at the police station until around 10 p.m.
It further appears that two employees of his restaurant, barman H.M. and waitress M.G., were also questioned.
M.G.
stated that Levon Gulyan had been outside the restaurant when gunshots were heard.
On 11 May 2007 Levon Gulyan appeared again at the Shengavit District Police Station where he was kept for the whole day and night.
On 12 May 2007 in the morning Levon Gulyan was released in order to be able to participate in a parliamentary election taking place on that day, allegedly on the condition that he would return to the police station a few hours later.
At around noon Levon Gulyan was again at the Shengavit Police Station.
At around 2 p.m. Levon Gulyan was taken by car from the police station to the PDCI, which was situated at the Police Headquarters of Armenia, by two PDCI officers, V.G.
and S.M., upon the order of the Head of PDCI, H.M. His entry into the building was recorded at 2.30 p.m.
It appears that he was taken by police officers from office to office and was eventually taken to the office of the Head of the Homicide Unit, G.T., situated on the second floor of the building, where he apparently had an encounter with G.T.
and Deputy Head of Unit, A.M. At around 3.20 p.m. Levon Gulyan was found dead in the courtyard of the Police Headquarters with multiple injuries.
At an unspecified hour an examination of the area and an external examination of the body were performed.
The relevant records stated that Levon Gulyan was lying two metres from the PDCI building with his head towards the building and his legs towards the opposite building.
He was leaning on the left frontal part of his body.
It appears that his shoe laces were missing and were found in his trouser pockets.
It further appears that a lock of hair was found lying about one metre away from his body.
2.
The investigation (a) The investigation by the Yerevan Prosecutor’s Office On the same date a prosecutor of the Yerevan Prosecutor’s Office took statements from PDCI officers G.T.
and A.M. G.T.
submitted that Levon Gulyan had been brought to his office at around 2.30 p.m. and he had had a talk with him for about thirty minutes about the circumstances of the murder.
In order to report to the Deputy Head of PDCI, H.T., about the results of the talk, he had left the office but did not want to leave Levon Gulyan alone, so he had taken him to officer S.M.’s office.
On his way to H.T.’s office he had bumped into A.M. and told him to stay with Levon Gulyan in S.M.’s office and to send S.M.
for lunch.
At around 3.30 p.m., when he was in H.T.’s office, he had heard noises in the corridor.
He had gone out and learned that somebody had fallen from the window.
He had run to the courtyard and seen Levon Gulyan lying on the ground.
He immediately called an ambulance and tried to provide first aid, but Levon Gulyan was already dead.
Later he learned from A.M. that he had moved Levon Gulyan to G.T.’s office so that S.M.
could go for lunch.
Levon Gulyan had jumped from the window when A.M. went out to fetch some water.
A.M. submitted that at around 3 p.m. Levon Gulyan had been taken by officer S.M.
to G.T.’s office.
Then officer S.M.
had said that he was going for lunch, while G.T.
was at that moment reporting to the Deputy Head of PDCI, H.T., so he had stayed with Levon Gulyan.
He had seen Levon Gulyan earlier in officer S.M.’s office and was aware that he had been summoned in connection with the murder.
Since he was dealing with that case, he had decided to ask him some questions.
Levon Gulyan had been tired and irritated, so he had decided to change the subject and asked some unrelated questions concerning his restaurant.
Levon Gulyan had then asked for permission to smoke and later for some water.
There was no water or bottle in the office.
A.M. had gone to a nearby office to fetch water but then heard the sound of a window opening and a “boom”.
He had run back to the office but there was no one.
The window was open so he immediately understood that Levon Gulyan had escaped.
He had quickly run to the courtyard and seen Levon Gulyan lying on his back, with blood traces around his head.
There was no one there, but later the “boys” of his unit had arrived.
He could not give their names as he had been in a state of shock.
The Prosecutor decided to institute criminal proceedings under Article 110 § 1 of the Criminal Code (provoking a person to suicide), relying on G.T.’s and A.M.’s above statements, including their allegation that Levon Gulyan had fallen and died while trying to escape through the window.
The Prosecutor further ordered a medical examination, asking the expert to clarify, inter alia, the injuries on Levon Gulyan’s body, whether they could have been sustained as a result of the fall and hitting obstacles on the way down, and his position when sustaining those injuries.
On 13 May 2007 the requested medical examination was performed, resulting in medical expert opinion no.
402, according to which Levon Gulyan had suffered open injuries to his skull and closed and blunt injuries to his thorax and spine, with multiple fractures and bruises, which had been sustained by colliding with obstacles and the ground as a result of the fall and had caused his death.
When sustaining the injuries to the skull and the area of the left shoulder girdle, Levon Gulyan had been facing, with the left part of his head and the area of his left shoulder girdle, towards the injuring object, whereas when sustaining the injuries to his thorax and the shoulder and waist parts of the spine, Levon Gulyan had been facing with the back surface of his thorax towards the injuring object.
Apart from the above‐mentioned injuries there were also bruises on the left side of his abdomen, the left elbow joint, the dorsal surface of the left wrist and the outer surface of the right ankle joint, as well as scratches in the areas of the right elbow joint, the dorsal surface of the wrist joint and the palm, the anterior surface of the left elbow joint, the outer surface of the right ankle joint and the frontal surface of the left knee joint, which had been caused by blunt objects while still alive and could be qualified as minor injuries.
On 15 May 2007 an additional examination of the area and the building was performed.
It was noted that there was a yellow gas pipe passing horizontally along the wall at some distance from the building about two metres below the window.
There was also a semi-basement below, covered by a shed that stretched from the building into the courtyard.
It appears that there was no free exit from the courtyard to the street.
On unspecified dates in May 2007 the investigators questioned PDCI officers G.T.
and A.M. as witnesses, and they made statements similar to those already made.
Officer G.T.
explained that he had left his office to report to the Deputy Head of PDCI, H.T., because Levon Gulyan had provided the name of a previously unknown person who had been involved in the argument with S.V.
On 17 May 2007 the investigator questioned Deputy Head of PDCI, H.T., as a witness.
On 18 May 2007 a medical examination was performed, which found that it could not be ruled out that the lock of hair found at the scene belonged to Levon Gulyan.
On 19 May 2007 the prosecutor, upon the applicant’s request, decided to order another medical examination of Levon Gulyan’s body to be performed by two foreign experts from Germany and Denmark.
On the same date the experts conducted the requested medical examination, producing medical expert opinion no.
418 which concluded that the cause of death had been a massive blunt force trauma to the head and chest.
The experts found multiple lesions on the head and body, but no typical defence lesions.
The lesions were fresh and had been sustained while still alive.
They had been caused by severe blunt force trauma and could, as stated, have been caused by a fall from a height.
The distribution of the lesions and the position of the body at the scene suggested that the deceased had hit the ground with the head and the upper part of the body first, and that he might have hit an object on the way down, possibly the pipe seen on the outside of the building under the window.
There were no lesions that could not be explained by a fall from a height.
On the other hand, it could not be ruled out that a few of the smaller bruises and abrasions could have been caused by another force (such as a punch or blow) prior to the fall.
The experts, having examined the scene of the incident, found no indentations on the shed or other indications of a person having hit the shed.
They did not examine the gas pipe.
On 21 May 2007 forensic traces expert opinion no.
16080702 was produced, which stated, inter alia, that the fingerprints found on the internal side of the middle part of the window frame and on the left window pane belonged to Levon Gulyan.
There was also a palm print on the window which did not belong to him.
On 12 June 2007 the results of a joint criminological, soil, trace and chemical examination of fibres were produced in expert opinion no.
16170705, which stated, inter alia, that foreign natural and chemical fibres had been found on Levon Gulyan’s clothes and under his fingernails, which were fit for a further comparative examination.
The fibres found on his clothes did not have the same generic origin as those taken from the pipe and the semi-basement shed.
The smears found on the windowsill had the same generic origin as the samples taken from the soles of Levon Gulyan’s shoes.
On 18 June 2007 another forensic traces expert opinion was produced, according to which the palm print found on the window did not belong to PDCI officers G.T.
or A.M. By letter of 12 July 2007 the Shengavit District Prosecutor, in reply to an inquiry made by the Yerevan Prosecutor’s Office, stated, inter alia, that the officers of the Shengavit District Police Station, having received an assignment to find and bring eyewitnesses, had brought Levon Gulyan to the Shengavit District Prosecutor’s Office for questioning, which happened only once on 10 May 2007.
He had been accompanied by police officers but not handcuffed.
No other investigative measures with his participation had been planned for the period of 10 to 12 May 2007 and the question of his appearance on 12 May 2007 at the PDCI was to be clarified with that authority.
It appears that, at some point during the investigation, the General Prosecutor’s Office ordered that an investigative experiment be conducted in order to clarify the mechanics of Levon Gulyan’s fall, but there was no follow-up to this decision because of the absence of a suitable dummy.
On 6 August 2007 the Head of Armenian Police issued a conclusion on the results of an official inquiry into Levon Gulyan’s death, finding that PDCI officer A.M. had shown a low level of professionalism by leaving Levon Gulyan alone in the office, as a result of which Levon Gulyan had attempted to escape and died, while PDCI officer G.T., as officer A.M.’s superior, had not properly supervised his subordinate.
Both of them were to be subjected to a disciplinary penalty.
(b) The investigation by the Special Investigative Service (SIS) On 12 December 2007 the investigation was taken over by the SIS and assigned to investigator G.P.
On 19, 21 and 25 December 2007 the investigator questioned PDCI officers G.T., A.M. and S.M.
respectively as witnesses.
Officer G.T.
stated that Levon Gulyan had been invited to the PDCI in order to clarify the discrepancies between his statement and that of waitress M.G.
who had also been invited to the PDCI.
He further stated that in his opinion Levon Gulyan, having found out that waitress M.G.
had also been invited, had decided to escape in order not to confront her, as this would have revealed the fact that he had made a false statement.
On 12 March 2008 the investigator decided to terminate the criminal proceedings.
This decision, which upon the applicant’s appeal was approved by the supervising Prosecutor, stated that on 12 May 2007 Levon Gulyan and waitress M.G.
had been separately invited to the PDCI to clarify the discrepancies between their statements.
At the PDCI he had been taken to the office of the Head of the Homicide Unit G.T.
who had a talk with him for about 30 minutes, during which Levon Gulyan had provided the nickname of one of the persons who had been involved in the argument with S.V.
G.T.
had then left the office in order to report this new piece of information, while Levon Gulyan had remained with Deputy Head of Unit A.M., with whom he had a talk of a general nature.
During their conversation Levon Gulyan found out that waitress M.G.
had also been invited to the PDCI.
Realising the imminence of a confrontation with her, during which he would not have been able to conceal the identity of those involved in the argument, including that of the murderer, he had decided to escape.
For that purpose he had asked officer A.M. for some water.
After A.M. went out to fetch some water, Levon Gulyan had tried to escape through the window but had fallen from a height of about seven metres and had died on the spot.
Taking into account that Levon Gulyan had not been subjected to violence, threats, or inhuman or degrading treatment during his stay at the PDCI, and the fact that his escape had been motivated by his intention to conceal the identity of the offenders and his death had been the result of a fall, there was no corpus delicti in the actions of the police officers.
Nor was there a criminal element in A.M.’s actions, namely the fact that he had left Levon Gulyan alone in the office, because the latter had only the status of a witness as opposed to that of a suspect or accused.
On 7 April 2008 the applicant contested this decision before the courts, complaining in detail that the investigation had not been impartial, transparent and effective.
He relied on, inter alia, Articles 2, 5 and 13 of the Convention.
On 6 June 2008 the Kentron and Nork-Marash District Court of Yerevan decided to grant the appeal and ordered that the case be reopened.
The District Court held that the investigator’s decision had been unfounded and violated individual rights and that no proper investigation had been carried out and a number of important circumstances had not been established.
In its decision, reasoned in detail, the District Court found, inter alia, that: (a) the investigating authority had failed to determine the lawfulness of taking Levon Gulyan and others between 10 and 12 May 2007 to the law enforcement agencies and keeping them there for extended periods of time; (b) the allegations raised in the press and by some of the witnesses, including barman H.M., that Levon Gulyan had been ill-treated with the purpose of coercing a confession during his stays at the law enforcement agencies had not been investigated, including the allegation that such acts had been committed in G.T.’s office and had led to his being thrown out of the window; (c) not all reasonable steps had been taken to secure evidence, including questioning of police officers, to prevent their possible collusion and preserve the crime scene; (d) no proper assessment had been made of the fact that Levon Gulyan had neither been invited nor gone to the PDCI voluntarily; (e) the events preceding the incident had not been properly clarified, in view of the multiple discrepancies in the statements made by the police officers, which also cast doubt on their credibility and the validity of the conclusions reached by the investigating authority on the basis of those statements; (f) no proper assessment had been made of to the alleged behaviour of Deputy Head of the Homicide Unit, A.M., upon his return to G.T.’s office, namely his reaction to the open window; (g) it had not been clarified whether Levon Gulyan had been able to move freely while at the PDCI; (h) no investigation had been carried out into the fact that his shoe laces were missing at the time of the incident and were found in his trouser pockets; (i) no convincing evidence had been obtained concerning Levon Gulyan’s fall and the preceding events; the investigating authority from the very outset had carried out the investigation on the premise that Levon Gulyan had attempted to escape and died as a result of a fall, but failed to carry out a complete and objective investigation into his motives, including the fact that he had only been a witness and that the window was more than seven metres high and there were numerous obstacles in the police building; (j) while, according to the official version, Levon Gulyan had hit an obstacle or obstacles during the fall, which could have been the gas pipe, no explanation had been provided of the absence of any particles on his clothes and under his fingernails of the pipe in question or any other possible obstacle, such as the semi-basement shed, or vice versa; nor had it been clarified whose fibres had been discovered on Levon Gulyan’s clothes and no samples had been taken in that connection from the police officers; (k) no explanation had been provided or samples taken from the police officers in relation to the palm print found on the window, which did not belong to Levon Gulyan; (l) the investigation had not clarified the mechanics of Levon Gulyan’s fall and had not carried out in that respect an investigative experiment because of the absence of a suitable dummy, despite the fact that such an experiment had been ordered by the General Prosecutor’s Office; no measures had been taken to obtain such a dummy from the General Prosecutor’s Office of Russia within the framework of inter-State legal assistance; (m) no investigation had been carried out in connection with the findings of the foreign experts concerning the other injuries found on Levon Gulyan’s body, such as small bruises and scratches; (n) it had not been clarified how a lock of hair belonging to Levon Gulyan had been found lying at a distance from his body; (o) the applicant and other victims in the criminal case had not been involved in any investigative or other procedural measures and had had no possibility to pose questions to the police officers or the experts; and (p) the remains of a cigarette found in the ashtray in G.T.’s office had not been seized and examined to determine whether it was Levon Gulyan who had smoked it.
On 16 June 2008 the prosecutor lodged an appeal against this decision.
On 21 July 2008 the Criminal Court of Appeal dismissed the prosecutor’s appeal and upheld the findings of the District Court.
It further added that the investigation had been flawed and based on only one premise, that of Levon Gulyan’s attempted escape.
Furthermore, the explanation provided for that sole premise was farfetched and the investigating authority, having showed a one-sided approach to the assessment of the collected evidence, had failed to carry out an impartial, objective and full investigation in that respect, thereby reaching inaccurate conclusions.
The investigating authority had failed to explain and assess why Levon Gulyan, who had already been questioned, was “invited” and then, being in fact deprived of his liberty, transferred to the PDCI in order to carry out “investigative measures, including a confrontation” by officials who had no authority to do so, which violated his right to liberty and resulted in his demise.
There was no instruction from the investigator to carry out a confrontation and, moreover, by taking Levon Gulyan to an alleged confrontation, the PDCI officers had violated Article 206 § 2 of the CCP, pursuant to which a witness was to be questioned at the location where the investigation was being carried out or, if necessary, where he was located, whereas PDCI could not be considered to be either of those.
The assessment of evidence had not been objective since the investigating authority had given preference to the statements of the police officers without a proper evaluation of other evidence in the case.
The resulting decision, which was taken in violation of the Constitution and Article 2 of the Convention, amounted to a two-page document which failed to make even a single reference to any evidence.
On 16 August 2008 the investigation was resumed and assigned to the same SIS investigator.
On 4 September and 28 October 2008 the investigator questioned police officers G.T.
and A.M. as witnesses.
The applicant and his representatives were present at these interviews and were apparently able to pose questions.
It appears that on an unspecified date the General Prosecutor’s Office of Armenia sent a letter to the General Prosecutor’s Office of Russia, inquiring about the availability of a dummy 178 cm tall and weighing 95 kg for the purpose of carrying out an investigative experiment.
By letter of 1 December 2008 the General Prosecutor’s Office of Russia replied that they did not have at their disposal a dummy matching the specified characteristics.
However, they had purchased dummies 170 cm tall and weighing 40 kg, one of which could be provided to the Armenian authorities.
It appears that there was no follow-up to this offer.
On 16 April 2009 the investigator decided to terminate the criminal proceedings.
This decision, which upon the applicant’s appeal was approved by the supervising prosecutor, provided a similar account of events to the decision of 12 March 2008, with the exception that it stated that Levon Gulyan had found out about the imminent confrontation with waitress M.G.
from a telephone conversation he had overheard between PDCI officer G.T.
and his colleagues and that Levon Gulyan had hit a pipe during the fall.
The decision similarly concluded that there was no corpus delicti in the actions of the police officers.
It referred to, inter alia, the statements of a number of police officers, the medical expert opinions nos.
402 and 418 and expert opinions nos.
16080702 and 16170705.
Relying on the latter two documents, the decision stated that the fact that Levon Gulyan had climbed onto the windowsill without any external assistance was substantiated by his fingerprints found on the window and the smears found on the windowsill, left by his shoes.
On 3 July 2009 the applicant contested this decision before the courts, complaining, inter alia, that the investigating authority, lacking from the very outset the intention of establishing the truth, during the preceding eight months had carried out an investigation which was a pure formality and ignored the issues raised in the court decisions.
He relied, inter alia, on Articles 2, 5 and 13 of the Convention.
On 2 December 2009 the Kentron and Nork-Marash District Court of Yerevan decided to dismiss the applicant’s arguments and to uphold the investigator’s decision of 16 April 2009.
On 11 December 2009 the applicant lodged an appeal against this decision.
On 5 February 2010 the Court of Appeal decided to dismiss the applicant’s appeal and to uphold the decision of the District Court.
On 25 February 2010 the applicant lodged an appeal on points of law.
On 27 August 2010 the Court of Cassation decided to grant the applicant’s appeal on points of law, quashing the decisions of the lower courts and obliging the investigating authority to remedy the violations of individual rights which had taken place in the course of the investigation.
The Court of Cassation stated at the outset that the authorities were required under Article 2 of the Convention to carry out an effective investigation with the aim of providing a convincing explanation for the death of Levon Gulyan who, at the material time, had been at the disposal of the PDCI officers.
It further held that not all the measures had been taken yet for the authorities to be considered to have fulfilled this requirement.
In particular, no investigative experiment had been performed to determine the mechanics of Levon Gulyan’s fall, whereas the necessity of such an experiment had been confirmed by the Kentron and Nork-Marash District Court of Yerevan, the investigating authority and the supervising prosecutor.
The investigating authority was still reasonably capable of taking measures to obtain the necessary dummy, since it could be ordered from the same company which provided dummies to the General Prosecutor’s Office of Russia.
However, the investigating authority had not taken any measures in that respect in the four months following the letter of 1 December 2008.
It was therefore necessary to obtain the dummy in question, carry out the experiment, compare its results with the other evidence and, if necessary, carry out other investigative measures.
The Court of Cassation held that a conclusive finding on the fulfilment of the procedural obligation of Article 2 of the Convention would be possible only following the implementation of the experiment in question and, if necessary, of the resulting other measures.
A global assessment of the effectiveness of the investigation would be possible after taking into account all such evidence.
Therefore, the questions raised by the applicant in his appeal could be answered only after the investigation had been completed.
On 18 January 2011 the investigation was resumed and assigned to the same SIS investigator.
On 24 January 2011 the investigator applied to the General Prosecutor’s Office, requesting assistance in obtaining an appropriate dummy from the General Prosecutor’s Office of Russia.
By letter of 18 March 2011 the General Prosecutor’s Office replied that the fact of Levon Gulyan’s death as a result of an attempted escape through a window had been established and it was impossible to guarantee the objective legitimacy of results by carrying out the investigative experiment, since Levon Gulyan, from the moment he climbed onto the windowsill and until his collision with the ground, had performed conscious and intentional actions characteristic exclusively of his physical fitness and mentality, which were impossible to replicate with the help of a dummy or through any other experiment and research, and it was objectively impossible to approximate the circumstances of an investigative experiment to the actual event and to establish through such investigative experiment any circumstances having evidentiary value.
On 21 March 2011 the investigator decided to terminate the criminal proceedings on the same grounds as previously, reiterating, inter alia, the position set out by the General Prosecutor’s Office.
On 2 May 2011 the applicant contested this decision before the courts.
On 25 May 2011 the Kentron and Nork-Marash District Court of Yerevan decided to grant the applicant’s appeal and to oblige the investigator to restore his violated rights.
It found that the investigating authority had failed to carry out a full and comprehensive investigation, to show due diligence and to comply with the requirements of the Court of Cassation’s decision of 27 August 2010.
Instead of obtaining the necessary dummy for the purpose of ensuring the effectiveness of the investigation and giving a global assessment to the incident through comparison of evidence, the investigating authority had decided once again to terminate the proceedings by relying – without any proper reasoning – on the Prosecutor’s unfounded letter of 18 March 2011 which had no evidentiary value.
On 3 July 2011 the Prosecutor lodged an appeal against this decision.
On 30 June 2011 the Court of Appeal decided to dismiss the Prosecutor’s appeal and to uphold the decision of the District Court On 18 July 2011 the Prosecutor lodged an appeal on points of law.
On 26 August 2011 the Court of Cassation declared the appeal on points of law inadmissible.
On 8 September 2011 the investigation was resumed and assigned to the same SIS investigator.
On 8 February 2012 the investigator decided to terminate the criminal proceedings on the same grounds as previously.
This decision stated, inter alia, that it was impossible to carry out an investigative experiment because of the absence of a dummy and, even if such an experiment were to be carried out, this would not lead to the establishment of any circumstances having evidentiary value.
The applicant alleges that he was never informed about this decision and its copy was served on him only in April 2015, after he had applied to the authorities for additional information and copies of documents in order to submit them to the Court.
B.
Relevant domestic law 1.
The Criminal Code Article 110 § 1 provides that, with indirect intention or involuntarily, provoking a person to suicide or an attempted suicide through threats, cruel treatment or repeated degrading of his dignity shall be punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years.
2.
The Code of Criminal Procedure Article 205 §§ 1 and 2 provides that a witness is called by a summons which is served on him upon his signature.
A witness may also be called by means of a telegram, telephone message or fax.
The summons shall indicate the summoning authority, the person being summoned, in which procedural capacity, and where and when (the date and hour of appearance) the person called should appear.
Article 206 § 2 provides that a witness shall be questioned at the location where the investigation is being carried out or, if necessary, where he is located.
COMPLAINTS The applicant complains under Article 2 of the Convention that the death of Levon Gulyan in police custody amounted to a violation of his right to life.
The applicant complains under Article 2 of the Convention that the authorities have failed to carry out an effective investigation into the circumstances of Levon Gulyan’s death.
The applicant complains under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention that in the period between 10 and 12 May 2007 Levon Gulyan was actually deprived of his liberty for extended periods of time, which was unlawful and arbitrary.
The applicant complains under Article 13 in conjunction with Articles 2 and 5 of the Convention that the investigation was not effective and impartial.