I correctly predicted that there was a violation of human rights in IGNATOVA v. BULGARIA.

Judgment

FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF IGNATOVA v. BULGARIA
(Application no. 39954/19)

JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
18 October 2022

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Ignatova v. Bulgaria,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Iulia Antoanella Motoc, President,
Yonko Grozev,
Pere Pastor Vilanova, Judges,
and Ludmila Milanova, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the application (no. 39954/19) against the Republic of Bulgaria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on 20 July 2019 by a Bulgarian national, Ms Ivanka Ivanova Ignatova, born in 1939 (“the applicant”). The applicant passed away in 2020 and her heirs, Mr Ignat Iliev Ignatov, Mrs Rayna Ignatova Miteva and Mrs Darina Ignatova Todorova, expressed a wish to continue the proceedings in her stead. They were represented by Ms A. Chobanova, a lawyer practising in Sofia;
the decision to give notice of the application to the Bulgarian Government (“the Government”), represented by their Agent, Ms M. Ilcheva, of the Ministry of Justice;
the parties’ observations;
Having deliberated in private on 27 September 2022,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The application concerns the delayed provision of compensation to the applicant for her property which was expropriated for urban development in 1984 by the municipal authorities of Dobrich. Тhe applicant was to be compensated with a flat in a building the authorities intended to construct. Construction work commenced in 2010; however, in 2014 this was postponed, apparently mainly due to financial difficulties experienced by the municipality. In November 2019 the construction work started again and, according to the Government, the building was expected to be completed by 30 July 2022. The applicant had not received her flat or any alternative compensation by the time the parties filed their last submissions with the Court in June 2022. 2. The applicant complainеd under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention and Article 13 of the Convention of the delays in the compensation procedure. THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT
3. The Court takes note of the death of the applicant and of her heirs’ wish to continue the proceedings in her stead. The Government have not objected. Having regard to the circumstances of the present case, the Court accepts that the applicant’s heirs have a legitimate interest in pursuing the application in the applicant’s stead (see Ergezen v. Turkey, no. 73359/10, §§ 27-30, 8 April 2014). 4. The Court is of the view that it suffices to examine the complaints solely under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (see, for example, Kopankovi v. Bulgaria, no. 48929/12, §§ 26-27, 6 September 2018). 5. The case is of the type examined in Kirilova and Others v. Bulgaria (nos. 42908/98 and 3 others, 9 June 2005) and many follow-up cases (some of which are cited below). The relevant domestic law provisions and the applicable general principles concerning delays in providing compensation for expropriated property have been summarised therein. 6. The Government argued that the applicant had failed to exhaust available and effective domestic remedies. In particular, the applicant and her heirs had failed to lodge a tort action under the State and Municipalities Responsibility for Damage Act 1988 (“the 1988 Act”), in order to seek compensation for the damage sustained because of the delay in providing the flat due. The Government maintained that, unlike the circumstances criticised by the Court in Kirilova and Others (cited above, §§ 116-19), in view of the recent evolution of domestic case-law and administrative practice, the remedy in question now offered reasonable prospect of success. 7. The applicant party disagreed with those arguments. In particular, the applicant’s heirs contested the effectiveness of a tort action under the 1988 Act, arguing that the domestic courts had a divergent practice on that matter, and also that such a claim could only result in awarding compensation for a delay of five years preceding the date of its submission, in view of the relevant domestic rules on limitation periods. 8. While it takes note of the recent domestic case-law awarding damages to plaintiffs in similar cases, as presented by the Government, the Court reiterates that such an action cannot directly compel the authorities to build and deliver the flat. It only results in providing compensation for a delay for a limited period of time (see, for example, Antonovi v. Bulgaria, no. 20827/02, §§ 11-13, 1 October 2009, where the indemnification awarded by the courts covered a period up to the date of lodging the action). Thus, as long as the flat remains undelivered to an applicant, the latter would be forced to lodge new actions and claim further compensation (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 116; Antonovi, cited above, § 24; and Lyubomir Popov v. Bulgaria, no. 69855/01, § 105, 7 January 2010). Therefore, an action for damages in the case at hand did not represent an effective remedy which the applicant party should have exhausted (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, §§ 116-19). 9. In addition, the Court finds that the application is not manifestly ill‐founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 10. The applicant’s entitlement to be provided with a flat as compensation for her expropriated property arose in 1984, and her heirs have not yet received their flat or any alternative compensation (see paragraph 1 above). Thus, in the present case the delay is thirty years (from the entry into force of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for Bulgaria in 1992 onwards). 11. The applicant’s heirs argued that the domestic authorities were entirely responsible for the excessive delays in providing compensation, regardless of whether that was due to financial difficulties experienced by the municipality, or to negligence or a passive attitude on their part. 12. The Government maintained that the domestic authorities made active attempts to overcome financial and logistical difficulties, in order to find a solution and fulfil their obligation to provide a flat to the applicant. They contended that the municipality’s financial situation had caused some delay in the compensation procedure, however, the difficulties had been largely overcome and the applicant’s heirs were to receive their flat in the second half of 2022. In the Government’s view, the applicant and her heirs were responsible for part of the delay incurred because they had failed to resort to procedures available to them to bring about the conclusion of the procedure at an earlier date. In particular, the applicant and her heirs had not used the possibility provided for under domestic law to request financial compensation in lieu of compensation in the form of a flat, nor had they availed themselves of the possibility to seek re‐compensation by way of another flat (see, for a description of these procedures, Kopankovi v. Bulgaria, cited above, § 22, and Velyov and Dimitrov v. Bulgaria (dec.) [Committee], no. 64570/10, § 16, 20 September 2016). 13. The Court observes that the Dobrich municipality never abandoned its plans to construct the building where the applicant’s flat is located and actively sought financing in order to complete the construction, as noted by the Government (see paragraph 12 above). Consequently, the applicant and her heirs should not be criticised for their decision to await that construction and not seek alternative solutions, such as financial compensation or compensation through other property (compare the circumstances in Basmenkova v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 63391/13, §§ 28-30, 6 April 2017; by contrast, see Bozhilovi v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 9051/18, §§ 9-11, 15 March 2022, and Petrovi v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 26759/12, §§ 25‐29, 2 February 2017, where the Court found that at some point it had become clear that the property initially due would never be delivered which meant that the applicants should have resorted to the various other means of redress available under domestic law). Therefore, the applicant party’s failure to pursue those avenues cannot lead to the conclusion that they are to blame for some part of the delay in the compensation procedure. 14. As to the authorities, in the present case it does not appear that they proved reluctant to assist the applicant, nor that they actively opposed the applicant’s attempt to receive the flat due to her (by contrast, see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 121; and Dobrodolska v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 34272/09, § 20, 13 October 2016). Nevertheless, the delay caused through their fault has not been validly justified. In particular, in so far as the Government referred to the insufficient financial resources of the Dobrich municipality, the Court reiterates that this in itself cannot justify such a lengthy delay (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 122). Furthermore, the Court notes that even assuming that the applicant’s heirs receive the flat due to them in the second half of 2022 (see paragraph 12 above), which has not been confirmed (see paragraph 1 above), the fact remains that for many years the applicant faced uncertainty and has had to suffer an excessive burden. Thus, even after the possible delivery of the flat, the fair balance required under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 has not been achieved (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 123). 15. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
16. The applicant’s heirs claimed “at least” 10,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non-pecuniary damage. 17. In respect of costs and expenses, the applicant’s heirs claimed EUR 2,250. This included EUR 2,130 for their legal representation and EUR 120 for translation. To support their claim, they presented a time sheet for the work performed by their lawyer and receipts for the amount paid for translation. They requested that EUR 210 awarded under this head be paid to their bank account and that the remainder be transferred directly to the bank account of their legal representative. 18. The Government contested the claims and considered them excessive. 19. The Court, ruling on an equitable basis and having regard to the circumstances of the case, awards jointly to the applicant’s heirs EUR 3,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage. 20. Furthermore, having regard to the fact that the present case concerns a repetitive complaint and that it is part of a group of ten almost identical applications submitted to the Court by applicants represented by the same lawyer, the Court considers it reasonable to award the applicant’s heirs a global amount of EUR 900 to cover all costs incurred, plus any tax that may be chargeable to them. It holds that, as requested by the applicant’s heirs, EUR 690 of this amount is to be paid directly into the bank account of their legal representative. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant’s heirs jointly, within three months, the following amounts, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 3,000 (three thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 900 (nine hundred euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable to them, in respect of costs and expenses, EUR 690 (six hundred and ninety euros) of which to be paid directly into the bank account of their legal representative;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 18 October 2022, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Ludmila Milanova Iulia Antoanella Motoc Acting Deputy Registrar President

FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF IGNATOVA v. BULGARIA
(Application no. 39954/19)

JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
18 October 2022

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Ignatova v. Bulgaria,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Iulia Antoanella Motoc, President,
Yonko Grozev,
Pere Pastor Vilanova, Judges,
and Ludmila Milanova, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the application (no. 39954/19) against the Republic of Bulgaria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on 20 July 2019 by a Bulgarian national, Ms Ivanka Ivanova Ignatova, born in 1939 (“the applicant”). The applicant passed away in 2020 and her heirs, Mr Ignat Iliev Ignatov, Mrs Rayna Ignatova Miteva and Mrs Darina Ignatova Todorova, expressed a wish to continue the proceedings in her stead. They were represented by Ms A. Chobanova, a lawyer practising in Sofia;
the decision to give notice of the application to the Bulgarian Government (“the Government”), represented by their Agent, Ms M. Ilcheva, of the Ministry of Justice;
the parties’ observations;
Having deliberated in private on 27 September 2022,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The application concerns the delayed provision of compensation to the applicant for her property which was expropriated for urban development in 1984 by the municipal authorities of Dobrich. Тhe applicant was to be compensated with a flat in a building the authorities intended to construct. Construction work commenced in 2010; however, in 2014 this was postponed, apparently mainly due to financial difficulties experienced by the municipality. In November 2019 the construction work started again and, according to the Government, the building was expected to be completed by 30 July 2022. The applicant had not received her flat or any alternative compensation by the time the parties filed their last submissions with the Court in June 2022. 2. The applicant complainеd under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention and Article 13 of the Convention of the delays in the compensation procedure. THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT
3. The Court takes note of the death of the applicant and of her heirs’ wish to continue the proceedings in her stead. The Government have not objected. Having regard to the circumstances of the present case, the Court accepts that the applicant’s heirs have a legitimate interest in pursuing the application in the applicant’s stead (see Ergezen v. Turkey, no. 73359/10, §§ 27-30, 8 April 2014). 4. The Court is of the view that it suffices to examine the complaints solely under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (see, for example, Kopankovi v. Bulgaria, no. 48929/12, §§ 26-27, 6 September 2018). 5. The case is of the type examined in Kirilova and Others v. Bulgaria (nos. 42908/98 and 3 others, 9 June 2005) and many follow-up cases (some of which are cited below). The relevant domestic law provisions and the applicable general principles concerning delays in providing compensation for expropriated property have been summarised therein. 6. The Government argued that the applicant had failed to exhaust available and effective domestic remedies. In particular, the applicant and her heirs had failed to lodge a tort action under the State and Municipalities Responsibility for Damage Act 1988 (“the 1988 Act”), in order to seek compensation for the damage sustained because of the delay in providing the flat due. The Government maintained that, unlike the circumstances criticised by the Court in Kirilova and Others (cited above, §§ 116-19), in view of the recent evolution of domestic case-law and administrative practice, the remedy in question now offered reasonable prospect of success. 7. The applicant party disagreed with those arguments. In particular, the applicant’s heirs contested the effectiveness of a tort action under the 1988 Act, arguing that the domestic courts had a divergent practice on that matter, and also that such a claim could only result in awarding compensation for a delay of five years preceding the date of its submission, in view of the relevant domestic rules on limitation periods. 8. While it takes note of the recent domestic case-law awarding damages to plaintiffs in similar cases, as presented by the Government, the Court reiterates that such an action cannot directly compel the authorities to build and deliver the flat. It only results in providing compensation for a delay for a limited period of time (see, for example, Antonovi v. Bulgaria, no. 20827/02, §§ 11-13, 1 October 2009, where the indemnification awarded by the courts covered a period up to the date of lodging the action). Thus, as long as the flat remains undelivered to an applicant, the latter would be forced to lodge new actions and claim further compensation (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 116; Antonovi, cited above, § 24; and Lyubomir Popov v. Bulgaria, no. 69855/01, § 105, 7 January 2010). Therefore, an action for damages in the case at hand did not represent an effective remedy which the applicant party should have exhausted (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, §§ 116-19). 9. In addition, the Court finds that the application is not manifestly ill‐founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 10. The applicant’s entitlement to be provided with a flat as compensation for her expropriated property arose in 1984, and her heirs have not yet received their flat or any alternative compensation (see paragraph 1 above). Thus, in the present case the delay is thirty years (from the entry into force of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for Bulgaria in 1992 onwards). 11. The applicant’s heirs argued that the domestic authorities were entirely responsible for the excessive delays in providing compensation, regardless of whether that was due to financial difficulties experienced by the municipality, or to negligence or a passive attitude on their part. 12. The Government maintained that the domestic authorities made active attempts to overcome financial and logistical difficulties, in order to find a solution and fulfil their obligation to provide a flat to the applicant. They contended that the municipality’s financial situation had caused some delay in the compensation procedure, however, the difficulties had been largely overcome and the applicant’s heirs were to receive their flat in the second half of 2022. In the Government’s view, the applicant and her heirs were responsible for part of the delay incurred because they had failed to resort to procedures available to them to bring about the conclusion of the procedure at an earlier date. In particular, the applicant and her heirs had not used the possibility provided for under domestic law to request financial compensation in lieu of compensation in the form of a flat, nor had they availed themselves of the possibility to seek re‐compensation by way of another flat (see, for a description of these procedures, Kopankovi v. Bulgaria, cited above, § 22, and Velyov and Dimitrov v. Bulgaria (dec.) [Committee], no. 64570/10, § 16, 20 September 2016). 13. The Court observes that the Dobrich municipality never abandoned its plans to construct the building where the applicant’s flat is located and actively sought financing in order to complete the construction, as noted by the Government (see paragraph 12 above). Consequently, the applicant and her heirs should not be criticised for their decision to await that construction and not seek alternative solutions, such as financial compensation or compensation through other property (compare the circumstances in Basmenkova v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 63391/13, §§ 28-30, 6 April 2017; by contrast, see Bozhilovi v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 9051/18, §§ 9-11, 15 March 2022, and Petrovi v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 26759/12, §§ 25‐29, 2 February 2017, where the Court found that at some point it had become clear that the property initially due would never be delivered which meant that the applicants should have resorted to the various other means of redress available under domestic law). Therefore, the applicant party’s failure to pursue those avenues cannot lead to the conclusion that they are to blame for some part of the delay in the compensation procedure. 14. As to the authorities, in the present case it does not appear that they proved reluctant to assist the applicant, nor that they actively opposed the applicant’s attempt to receive the flat due to her (by contrast, see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 121; and Dobrodolska v. Bulgaria [Committee], no. 34272/09, § 20, 13 October 2016). Nevertheless, the delay caused through their fault has not been validly justified. In particular, in so far as the Government referred to the insufficient financial resources of the Dobrich municipality, the Court reiterates that this in itself cannot justify such a lengthy delay (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 122). Furthermore, the Court notes that even assuming that the applicant’s heirs receive the flat due to them in the second half of 2022 (see paragraph 12 above), which has not been confirmed (see paragraph 1 above), the fact remains that for many years the applicant faced uncertainty and has had to suffer an excessive burden. Thus, even after the possible delivery of the flat, the fair balance required under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 has not been achieved (see Kirilova and Others, cited above, § 123). 15. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
16. The applicant’s heirs claimed “at least” 10,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non-pecuniary damage. 17. In respect of costs and expenses, the applicant’s heirs claimed EUR 2,250. This included EUR 2,130 for their legal representation and EUR 120 for translation. To support their claim, they presented a time sheet for the work performed by their lawyer and receipts for the amount paid for translation. They requested that EUR 210 awarded under this head be paid to their bank account and that the remainder be transferred directly to the bank account of their legal representative. 18. The Government contested the claims and considered them excessive. 19. The Court, ruling on an equitable basis and having regard to the circumstances of the case, awards jointly to the applicant’s heirs EUR 3,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage. 20. Furthermore, having regard to the fact that the present case concerns a repetitive complaint and that it is part of a group of ten almost identical applications submitted to the Court by applicants represented by the same lawyer, the Court considers it reasonable to award the applicant’s heirs a global amount of EUR 900 to cover all costs incurred, plus any tax that may be chargeable to them. It holds that, as requested by the applicant’s heirs, EUR 690 of this amount is to be paid directly into the bank account of their legal representative. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant’s heirs jointly, within three months, the following amounts, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 3,000 (three thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 900 (nine hundred euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable to them, in respect of costs and expenses, EUR 690 (six hundred and ninety euros) of which to be paid directly into the bank account of their legal representative;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 18 October 2022, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Ludmila Milanova Iulia Antoanella Motoc Acting Deputy Registrar President