I incorrectly predicted that there's no violation of human rights in ROSSIYSKAYA OBYEDINENNAYA DEMOKRATICHESKAYA PARTIYA YABLOKO AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA and 1 other applications.
Information
- Judgment date: 2021-09-28
- Communication date: 2017-11-02
- Application number(s): 41982/12;6599/14
- Country: RUS
- Relevant ECHR article(s): P1-3
- Conclusion:
Violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 - Right to free elections-{general} - Result: Violation SEE FINAL JUDGMENT
JURI Prediction
- Probability: 0.544558
- Prediction: No violation
Inconsistent
Legend
Communication text used for prediction
Applications nos.
41982/12 and 6599/14ROSSIYSKAYA OBYEDINENNAYA DEMOKRATICHESKAYA PARTIYA YABLOKO and othersagainst Russialodged on 20 June 2012 and23 December 2013 respectively The applicants in application no.
41982/14 are: (1) Rossiyskaya Obyedinennaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko (RODP Yabloko); (2) the Voronezh branch of RODP Yabloko; (3) Mr Vasiliy Alekseyevich Timoshenko, born in 1958 and residing in Kalach, the Voronezh Region; (4) Mr Krapivkin Vyacheslav Semenovich, born in 1940 and residing in Kalach, the Voronezh Region.
The applicant in application no.
6599/14 is RODP Yabloko.
All applicants are represented before the Court by Mr Ilya Syvoldayev, a lawyer practicing in Moscow, Russia.
A.
The circumstances of the case The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicants, may be summarised as follows.
1.
General information about the elections of December 2011 On 4 December 2011 elections took place in Russia.
The elections concerned the State Duma of the Russian Federation (the lower chamber of the Russian parliament, hereinafter referred to as “the Duma”) and, in some regions, simultaneously elections to the regional legislative assemblies.
Information about the organisation of elections on 4 December 2011, parties and the system of vote counting are outlined in Davydov and Others v. Russia, no.
75947/11, §§ 10-16, 20, ECHR 2017 (extracts).
While the latter case refers to the elections in Saint-Petersburg, the system operated similarly in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
2.
Overview of the applicants’ complaints The applicants’ complaints concern, essentially, irregularities with the vote counting, recounting and entering of the results obtained during the Duma elections in the Voronezh Region.
The applicants alleged that the electoral commissions had altered the results of the elections by systematically assigning more votes to the ruling Yedinaya Rossiya (ER) party and its candidates, and, sometimes, by stripping the opposition parties (including Yabloko) of their votes.
Their attempts to obtain effective review of these complaints had been futile.
(a) Application no.
41982/14 The applicants in application no.
41982/14 challenged the results in eighteen Precinct Electoral Commissions (участковая избирательная комиссия (УИК)) (hereinafter the PEC) of the Kalachevskiy District, Voronezh Region: nos.
16/01, 16/02, 16/06, 16/07, 16/08, 16/11, 16/12, 16/13, 16/14, 16/20, 16/21, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, 16/42, 16/43, 16/44.
RODP Yabloko brought proceedings to annul the results in the contested constituencies.
The Voronezh branch of Yabloko challenged the results in various proceedings (see below).
Mr Timoshenko was voter and observer at PEC no.
16/02; Mr Krapivkin was voter and observer at PEC no.
16/06.
They also challenged the results in the two respective constituencies.
To prove their allegations of irregularities, the applicants submitted copies of the “original” protocols that had been drawn in each of the eighteen PECs after the vote counting was over.
Each copy was attested by the chairperson’s or secretary’s signature and stamp of the PEC concerned.
Each copy also indicated the exact time when the copy had been made.
The applicants obtained information about the exact time of entry of the PEC results into the State-run electronic database “Vybory” (“Elections”) at the territorial electoral commission (hereinafter the TEC) for Kalachevskiy District, indicating the PEC representative (chairperson) who had attested the correctness of the entry.
They also submitted official results as entered into the database and published.
These final results differed from the “original” ones by increasing the overall number of valid votes cast, inflating the results for the ER and, often, diminishing the results for other parties: in each of the eighteen polling stations concerned, the number of votes cast in favour of ER as recorded in the “original” protocol was lower than the figure which appeared in the official results.
There were differences between the protocols in two to ten lines out of 25.
Line no.
24, where the results of the ER were recorded, differed in all eighteen cases, and in all cases this figure increased.
For example, the table below indicates the figures for PEC no.
16/01 (with reference to corresponding line numbers in the results tables).
The first column indicates the figures as recorded in the “original” copy of the protocol.
This document was attested by the signature of the commission’s chairperson and stamp and indicated the time when it was issued at “0:50” (12:30 a.m.) on 5 December 2011.
The second column of figures comes from the official results for the precinct as entered into the “Vybory” database and made public.
Line no.
Line description “Original” protocol Official result 4 Number of ballots issued at the polling station 1455 1755 6 Number of unused ballots invalidated after the end of voting 807 507 8 Number of used ballots in the stationary ballot boxes 1455 1755 9 Number of invalid ballots 32 12 10 Total number of valid ballots 1625 1946 19 Votes cast for Spravedlivaya Rossiya (the SR) 262 262 20 Votes cast for Liberalno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya Rossii (the LDPR) 170 5 21 Votes cast for Patrioty Rossii (PR) 17 5 22 Votes cast for Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii (the KPRF) 375 375 23 Votes cast for RODP Yabloko 46 6 24 Votes cast for Yedinaya Rossiya (ER) 747 1291 25 Votes cast for Pravoye Delo (PD) 9 2 According to the applicants’ calculation, 4,495 votes were added to the ER in eighteen precincts, or about 12% of the total number of votes cast on that day in the Kalachevskiy District.
By the same token, the number of votes cast for Yabloko in the district was reduced by 205 votes.
(b) Application no.
6599/14 The applicant challenges the results in fourteen precincts of the Semilukskiy District of the Voronezh Region: nos.
35/13, 35/16, 35/18, 35/21, 35/22, 35/24, 35/25, 35/27, 35/28, 35/29, 35/33, 35/35, 35/36 and 35/50.
The applicant did not submit copies of the “original” protocols received by observers and members of the PECs concerned, but presented detailed information in the domestic proceedings as summarised below.
According to the applicant, as a result of recounts of ballots in fourteen precincts, the number of invalid ballots decreased by 1921, and the number of valid ballots increased by 1914.
Additional votes were assigned to the ER in thirteen out of fourteen polling stations concerned (with the exception of PEC no.
35/36).
As a result, the overall result of the ER in the Semilukskiy District grew by 1433 votes.
By the same token, the number of votes cast for Yabloko grew by ten votes, and for the SR – by 140 votes.
No political party lost votes as a result of the recounts.
3.
Attempts to start a criminal and administrative investigation into the alleged falsification (application no.
41982/14) On 15 February 2012 the regional Voronezh branches of the SR and Yabloko political parties wrote to the Kalachevskiy District Department of the Investigative Committee (the District Investigative Committee), asking them to open criminal investigation into the falsification of the outcome of the elections at polling station no.
16/01.
On 16 February 2012 the District Investigative Committee forwarded the request to the Electoral Commission of the Voronezh Region (the Regional Electoral Commission), without taking any action.
The two parties challenged the course of action of the District Investigative Committee to the court, and on 5 March 2012 the Kalachevskiy District Court (the District Court) refused to consider the complaint in substance.
On 5 April 2012 the Voronezh Regional Court quashed and remitted the decision of 5 March 2012, having found that the District Court had failed to examine the de facto refusal of the District Investigative Committee to carry out an investigation into the situation.
As it follows from subsequent documents, in July 2012 the Investigative Committee ruled not to open criminal proceedings.
On 21 September 2012 the regional Voronezh branches of Yabloko and SR, as well as all-Russian parties KPRF, Yabloko, and SR asked the Kalachevskiy District Prosecutor’s Office to open proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, Articles 5.6 and 5.24.
On 24 October 2012 the District Prosecutor’s Office concluded that there existed no grounds to open proceedings.
The parties appealed, and on 7 December 2012 the District Court found that the prosecutor had failed to carry out a proper investigation into the complaint and quashed the decision of 24 October 2012.
On 29 January 2013 the Voronezh Regional Court confirmed the decision of 24 October 2012.
4.
Judicial review of the applicants’ complaints in application no.
41982/14 (a) Judicial review of the eighteen polling stations On 23 July 2012 the District Court rejected the claim lodged by Yabloko and SR to annul the decisions of the electoral commissions in eighteen polling stations concerned.
The two political parties stressed that the number of discrepancies between the “original” protocols and the figures entered into the system on the night of 5 December 2011 indicated that it was not a mistake, but a falsification.
The copies of the protocols received by the members of the PECs and observers from different political parties repeatedly indicated figures that were different from the official results.
The representative examined the copies of some protocols that were kept at the TEC and stressed that they differed, for example, in indicating the time when they had been produced, and in the number of signatures attesting them.
The accuracy of information that had been entered into the computer system was put into question.
The difference between the official and “original” protocols should have alerted the members of the TEC and led them to carry out a proper recount.
In its absence, the real will of the electorate for these eighteen PECs was seriously distorted and the results should be invalidated.
The representatives of the KPRF agreed that the elections results had been falsified in the eighteen polling stations.
The KPRF lost about 18% of the votes cast for them, which were reassigned to the ER.
The representatives of the PECs and the TEC concerned considered that the claim should be dismissed.
They were of the opinion that the claimants had failed to prove that there were any violations of the electoral legislation; the results as entered into the system reflected the real will of the electorate.
They also stated that the copies of the protocols submitted by the applicants were not in conformity with the formal rules applicable to such copies.
The District Court questioned the secretaries and chairpersons of each PEC.
They could not explain how the difference between the figures in the “original” and official protocols came about.
Some claimed that they had not checked the originals when the copies were made, others indicated that the work was done late at night and they were tired, yet others said that the observers had asked for copies as soon as possible and had obtained preliminary, rather than final results.
For example, the chairman of PEC no.
16/01 explained that their work on 4 December had been done in strict compliance with the legislation.
The observers asked to recount the ballots and interfered with their work.
The secretary produced a copy of the protocol without properly checking its correctness.
The secretary explained that she did not recall whether she had issued to the observers final or intermediary results, she did not remember any details because she had been tired and in a hurry.
The members of the PEC and the observers had been nervous and had asked them to come up with the results as soon as possible.
The statements were challenged by other witnesses, observers from sixteen polling stations concerned.
Most of them stated that while they observed the vote counting had taken place in calm conditions, that there had been no mistakes and no corrections to the protocols.
Copies of the protocols issued to them were attested by the responsible persons of the commissions in question; the figures had coincided with those indicated in the protocols produced after the counting was over and with the figures indicated on the large noticeboards displayed at the stations.
Most observers specified that they had left the polling stations only once all counting work had been over and the ballots had been placed into boxes and sealed.
For example, observer L. was a member of PEC no.
16/01, appointed by the KPRF.
He explained that the ballots had been counted several times.
After the counting was over, he compared the copy of the protocol issued to him with the noticeboard, and all figures had coincided.
He also verified that the observer from the SR had obtained identical document.
He took a copy of the protocol to the district KPRF headquarters.
He lodged two complaints during the elections day, but they did not concern the difference in the protocols.
One witness, member of a different PEC, stated that once the counting had been finished and the protocols had been completed and signed by all members of the commission, the chairperson asked them all to sign a clean blank of the protocol, “in case the TEC would have any questions”.
All members of the commission’s had signed the empty blank.
Later the witness found the difference in figures as compared to the original protocol.
Two members of the TEC testified in court.
The deputy chairman explained that the protocol of PEC no.
16/06 had been deficient and he had asked the person in charge to take it back and redraft; the same happened with one or two other protocols.
Between 3 and 5 a.m. on 5 December 2011 the computer system blocked and they could not enter any information.
By 5 a.m. the computer problem had been resolved and they continued to enter the information.
He acknowledged the difference between the protocols issued to the observers at the polling stations and the ones submitted to the TEC, but he was not aware when and how the results had been changed.
He also noted that few votes had been cast for Yabloko, SR and LDPR, which he regarded to be strange and inconsistent with his experience as a member of the TEC during previous twelve years.
Another member of the TEC confirmed that there had been alterations for the results in eighteen stations.
The protocols brought by the members of these PECs had been rewritten in various rooms of the district administration.
He was not aware who and how had carried out this falsification.
There were computer “glitches” for two hours during the night.
The District Court dismissed the claim.
It considered that the applicants had not provided sufficient evidence to prove any falsifications.
Voting, ballot counting, drawing of protocols, tabulation of results and issuing of copies of the protocols had been carried out in compliance with the applicable legislation.
The applicants’ claims were based on conjectures and unverified information and could not serve to invalidate the final results.
The documents submitted by the applicants did not constitute proper evidence.
The District Court recalled the decision of 2 July 2012 not to open criminal investigation into the falsification of the results at PEC no.
16/01.
In the absence of criminal investigation into the actions of the electoral officials there was no indication of any wrongdoing.
On 1 November 2012 the Voronezh Regional Court confirmed this judgement.
It aligned with the District Court in basing its findings on the official data as entered into the system and in dismissing the evidence inconsistent with the formal requirements.
The Regional Court stated that “the witness statements made by the observers and members of the PECs could not be treated as valid evidence [of falsifications]”, since the results of voting were recognised in the proper form of the final protocols.
The Regional Court concluded that there was no information that the will of the electorate had been thwarted.
(b) Judicial proceedings to challenge the results in individual polling stations In the course of 2012 different political parties of the Voronezh region, individual voters and the applicants in the present case appealed to the district court the results of each PEC concerned.
In each case the District Court refused to consider the issue in substance.
Where the claim was launched by individual voters or members of the PEC, the court considered that they had no standing to appeal against the election results, since they had not been affected by them.
Where the political parties’ regional branches had launched the proceedings, the Court considered that they had no standing either, because the elections contested concerned federal, and not regional level.
The Voronezh Regional Court confirmed these decisions where they were appealed against.
5.
Proceedings before the Constitutional Court in application no.
41982/14 Mr Timoshenko launched proceedings before the Russian Constitutional Court against the interpretation of the legislation which did not give to voters standing to challenge election results.
On 22 April 2013 the Constitutional Court delivered a judgment on the joint similar complaints (no.
8-P/2013).
It held that an individual voter had a legitimate interest that his vote in support of a political party or candidate be counted correctly.
The interpretation of the legislation which excluded the voters’ access to judicial review was found to be incompatible with the Constitution (see, for more details, Davydov and Others, cited above, §§ 80-88).
6.
Judicial review of the applicant’s complaints in application no.
6599/14 On 3 December 2012 RODP Yabloko and the SR applied to the Semilukskiy District Court of the Voronezh Region (the District Court), seeking to review the results of elections in the fourteen precincts concerned.
They submitted detailed information about the changes to the voting results, indicating the alleged breaches of the electoral legislation.
Thus, they noted that the recounts that had taken place upon the decision of the relevant TEC were in breach of the requirements of the legislation.
The reasons for ordering the recounts had remained unclear; the members of PECs concerned had not been informed of the recounts and the changes to the protocols; varying information had been entered twice into the Vybory system, the second time – more than one day after the end of the voting (on 6 December 2011).
The parties pointed out that 68 changes were effectuated to the protocols; in 66 the changes were multiples of 5 (5, 10, 15 and so on).
They stressed the disproportionate increase in the number of ballots cast for the ER as compared to other parties.
On 14 December 2012 the Semilukskiy TEC destroyed the entire set of ballots and protocols from the December 2011 elections.
On 3 April 2013 the District Court ruled to dismiss the claim.
During the hearing, the representative of the TEC explained that the Semilukskiy District counted 54 polling stations and, accordingly, PECs.
The decision to carry out recounts in fourteen precincts was taken by the TEC after the first set of figures had been entered into the Vybory system, which later necessitated the second entry.
While the representatives of the SR and Yabloko had been present at the PECs during the initial counting, their presence during the recounts could not be ensured since they had already left.
The District Court decided that the copies of the “original” protocols could not be treated as valid evidence, in view of breaches of the formal requirements.
The District Court found that the electoral commissions had issued these copies to the observers before the final results had been drawn up.
It concluded: “the differences between the official protocols of the results of voting and the copies submitted by the claimants is explained by the fact that the latter documents had been issued prematurely, without properly verifying whether there had been any technical mistakes; this does not amount to thwarting the real will of the voters, but indicates that the electoral commissions had breached the above mentioned legal norms relating to the issuing of copies of the results protocols”.
On appeal, on 16 July 2013 the Voronezh Regional Court confirmed the judgment of 3 April 2013.
The Regional Court stressed that the claim concerned, in essence, the results of the elections after they had been declared valid, and the soundness of the protocols indicating these results was inseparably linked to the overall validity of the elections.
It confirmed that the copies of the protocols referred to by the claimants had been deficient and could not serve as evidence, contrary to the official results as confirmed by the electoral commissions.
On the same day, the Regional Court issued a separate ruling (частное определение) directed at the Semilukskiy District TEC.
It reminded it of the duty to fully comply with the requirements of the applicable legislation, concerning inter alia, the copies of the protocols with the voting results, and the recounts procedure.
The Regional Court found that the PECs and the TEC concerned had not informed all members of the commissions of the recounts and the drawing of new protocols, in breach of the relevant legislation.
The TEC concerned was asked to report to the Regional Court within one month of the measures taken to comply with such requirements in the future.
B.
Relevant domestic law and practice Relevant domestic law and practice are summarised in Davydov and Others v. Russia, no.
75947/11, §§ 173-195, ECHR 2017 (extracts).
COMPLAINTS The applicants complain under Article 3 of Protocol No.
1 to the Convention about the unfairness of the elections to the State Duma of 4 December 2011 in the Kalachevskiy district.
Primarily, they allege that the official results did not reflect the actual results of voting as reflected in the “original” protocols drawn up after the counting of ballots at the voting stations.
They also complain that they did not have effective remedies, as guaranteed by Article 13, in respect of the violations of their rights under Article 3 of Protocol No.
1 to the Convention.
Judgment
THIRD SECTIONCASE OF RUSSIAN UNITED DEMOCRATIC PARTY YABLOKO AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 41982/12 and 6599/14)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
28 September 2021
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Georgios A. Serghides, President, María Elósegui, Andreas Zünd, judges,and Olga Chernishova, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the applications (nos. 41982/12 and 6599/14) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a political party registered in the Russian Federation, Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (Rossiyskaya Obyedinennaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko) (“Yabloko” or “the first applicant party”), its regional branch, the Voronezh Branch of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (“the Voronezh branch of Yabloko” or “the second applicant party”), and two Russian nationals, Vasiliy Alekseyevich Timoshenko and Vyacheslav Semenovich Krapivkin (“the third applicant” and “the fourth applicant”), on the dates indicated in the Appendix;
the decision to give notice to the Russian Government (“the Government”) of the applications;
the parties’ observations;
the decision to reject the Government’s objections to examination of the applications by the Committee;
Having deliberated in private on 7 September 2021,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
INTRODUCTION
1. The case concerns the alleged failure of the domestic authorities to adequately investigate complaints of serious irregularities during the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation (the lower chamber of the Russian Parliament) (“the Duma”) held on 4 December 2011. THE FACTS
2. The applicants’ details are set out in the appended table. They were represented by Mr I. Sivoldayev, a lawyer practising in Voronezh. 3. The Government were initially represented by Ms V. Milinchuk, the Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights, then by her subsequent successors in that office, Mr M. Galperin, and Mr M. Vinogradov. 4. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. 5. On 4 December 2011 elections to the Duma were held. 6. General information about the organisation of elections, the parties and the system of vote counting is outlined in the case of Davydov and Others v. Russia (no. 75947/11, §§ 10-16 and 20, 30 May 2017). While the latter case refers to elections in St Petersburg, the system operated similarly in each constituency of the Russian Federation. 7. The parties that took part in the elections were as follows: Yedinaya Rossiya (“ER”); Spraverdlivaya Rossiya (“SR”); Patrioty Rossiyi (“PR”); Pravoye Delo (“PD”); Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii (“the KPRF”); Liberalno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya Rossii (“the LDPR”); and Yabloko. 8. According to the applicants, in the course of the elections numerous irregularities were detected as regards the vote counting, tabulation and reporting of the results obtained during the Duma elections in the Voronezh Region. The precinct election commissions (“PECs”) allegedly altered the results of the elections by systematically assigning more votes to the ruling party (“ER”) and its candidates, and sometimes by stripping the opposition parties (including Yabloko) of their votes. 9. The applicants challenged the results in respect of eighteen polling stations of the Kalacheyevskiy District in the Voronezh Region: nos. 16/01, 16/02, 16/06, 16/07, 16/08, 16/11, 16/12, 16/13, 16/14, 16/20, 16/21, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, 16/42, 16/43 and 16/44. 10. On 11 March 2012 the first applicant party and SR lodged a complaint challenging the results of the elections to the Duma. They claimed that (1) the PECs had falsified the results of the elections in respect of the eighteen above-mentioned polling stations, and (2) such actions had been in breach of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. They submitted a list of the allegedly incorrect data in the election results and asked the court for the data to be corrected. The allegedly incorrect data concerned: (1) the number of ballots contained in the ballot boxes; (2) the number of unused ballots; (3) the number of valid or invalid ballots; and (4) the number of votes cast in favour of the participating parties, including ER, Yabloko and SR.
11. In the claimants’ opinion, the breaches had resulted in the following: (1) the number of valid ballots had been inflated by 1,967; (2) the number of invalid ballots had decreased by 191; (3) the number of unused ballots had decreased by 2,057; (4) the votes cast in favour of the ruling party (ER) had been inflated by 4,295, (5) the LDPR had lost 1,736 votes; (6) PR had lost 118 votes; (7) the first applicant party had lost 205 votes; and (8) PD had lost 51 votes. 12. The claimants submitted that the observers who had been present at the eighteen polling stations during the vote counts had been provided with copies of the records containing the results of the elections in respect of each of the eighteen polling stations. However, the records transmitted later by the PECs to the Territorial Election Commission (TEC) contained different data from those documented in the “original” records. In support of their allegations, the claimants submitted copies of the records containing the election results received by the observers. 13. In particular, the alleged discrepancies for polling station no. 16/01 are summarised in the table below. The third column indicates the figures as recorded in the “original” copy of the records. This document was attested by the signature of the commission’s chairperson and a stamp and indicated that it was issued at 12.30 a.m. on 5 December 2011. The fourth column of figures comes from the official results for the constituency as entered in the “Vybory” database and made public. Line No
Line description
“Original” record
Official result
4
Number of ballots issued at the polling station
1,455
1,755
6
Number of unused ballots invalidated after the end of the voting
807
507
8
Number of used ballots in the stationary ballot boxes
1,455
1,755
9
Number of invalid ballots
32
12
10
Total number of valid ballots
1,625
1,946
19
Votes cast for SR
262
262
20
Votes cast for the LDPR
170
5
21
Votes cast for PR
17
5
22
Votes cast for the KPRF
375
375
23
Votes cast for Yabloko
46
6
24
Votes cast for ER
747
1,291
25
Votes cast for PD
9
2
14. According to the claimants’ calculations, 4,495 votes for ER were added across the eighteen polling stations, amounting to about 12% of the total number of votes cast on that day in the Kalacheyevskiy District. Conversely, the number of votes cast for the first applicant party was reduced by 205. (a) Judicial review at the first level of jurisdiction
15. On an unspecified date the Kalacheyevskiy District Court of the Voronezh Region started the hearing of the case. The first applicant party and SR maintained their position. The KPRF was admitted as a third party to the proceedings. Its representative supported the claim. The prosecutor taking part in the proceedings called for the claim to be dismissed. 16. The court heard evidence from the PECs’ chairpersons and secretaries, who denied the claimants’ allegations. They further submitted that all of them had conducted the vote counts in the presence of the observers, in strict compliance with the applicable laws. The observers had interfered with, and slowed down, the process. As to the potential errors in the records, some of the persons questioned attributed them to fatigue on the part of the PEC members who had performed the actual counting. 17. The court also heard evidence from the observers assigned to the eighteen polling stations by the KPRF and from one observer representing SR. They explained that they had received the records of the election results after the vote count had been completed. The data in the records had corresponded to those published on the noticeboard. The election results announced officially on the following day had differed from the results recorded in the “original” records they had received. 18. Witness P.S., a member of the PEC at polling station no. 16/43, submitted that, according to the vote count, only 42% of the votes had been cast in favour of ER. The chairperson and another member of the commission had been concerned that they would be fired for such a result. The PEC had decreased the number of votes cast in favour of the LDPR, the first applicant party and PD, and assigned them to ER. The witness also claimed that one of the signatures in the “official” record against his name had not been his. 19. Witness N.S., the TEC deputy chairperson, submitted that on 5 December 2011 from 3 to 5 a.m. the computer system had stopped responding and they had been unable to enter the data regarding the election results. At the time of the system shutdown, the TEC had not received the records from the eighteen PECs in question. In his opinion, the system had been manipulated in order to rig the election results. 20. Witness Ch., a member of the TEC, submitted that the figures in the records submitted to the TEC in respect of the eighteen polling stations had differed from those recorded in the records issued to the observers. He had seen the persons who had brought the ballot boxes amend the records during the two hours when the computer system had been shut down. 21. On 23 July 2012 the District Court dismissed the claims, noting as follows:
“The claimants failed to submit evidence showing consistently that on election day [the eighteen PECs] had counted the votes and determined the election results in violation of the laws on elections or that the election results did not reflect the true expression of the voters’ will. Nor did [the claimants] submit any evidence to prove that their right to take part in the elections had been infringed ...
[The court] established that the process of voting, vote counting, determination of the election results, completion of the records by the PECs and issuance of the copies of the records was in compliance with the applicable laws on elections ... The claimants’ arguments are based on an incorrect interpretation of substantive laws, and on speculation and emotions that cannot be taken into consideration by the court. They are of no relevance for the correct consideration of the case. On 2 July 2012 [the investigator] refused to institute criminal proceedings ... as regards the alleged election fraud at polling station no. 16/01 ...
[The claimants and the third party] justify their allegations by relying on the copies of the records issued to the observers on behalf of the KPRF and SR. Admittedly, the [content] of the copies of the records submitted by the claimants and the third party differs from [the data contained in] those received by the TEC. ...
[The claimants and the third party] refused categorically to submit the original copies of the records which [had been issued to the observers]. In such circumstances the court is unable to verify the documents’ authenticity and admit them in evidence. The court explained to SR’s representative that it was necessary to question the observers on [their] behalf who had obtained the copies of the records. However, no information concerning those persons was provided and it was impossible to obtain their attendance. Regard being had to the above, the court considers the copies of the records containing the election results [submitted in respect of the eighteen polling stations] to be inadmissible in evidence. ...
... No evidence has been submitted to show that any of the PECs’ members have been found administratively liable for [failure to act in compliance with law]. Accordingly, the allegation that there were errors in the content of the record [issued by PEC no. 16/21] has not been substantiated. ...
No criminal investigation has been opened in respect of members of the PECs on charges of [election fraud]. Accordingly, the allegations of election fraud have not been substantiated.”
22. The court dismissed the statement made by P.S., relying on the forensic expert’s findings that it could not be established whether the signature attributed to P.S. had been authentic or forged. 23. The first applicant party, SR and the KPRF appealed against the judgment of 23 July 2012. (b) Appeal proceedings
24. On 1 November 2012 the Voronezh Regional Court upheld the judgment of 23 July 2012 on appeal, noting as follows:
“... the court at the first level of jurisdiction has correctly determined the circumstances of the case. Its findings are based on the fact that the copies of the records submitted by the claimants cannot be admitted in evidence. They do not correspond to the requirements set out in [the applicable legislation]. No other evidence in support of the argument that the election results were based on false data has been submitted. [The District Court] has found correctly that there were no grounds to satisfy the claims. The statements made by the observers and PEC members cannot be considered in evidence given that the election results should be determined exclusively on the basis of the vote count. Such data can be obtained on the basis of the records of election results or duly certified copies of them. Accordingly, the statements made by the observers and by PEC members and secretaries are of no significance. [The appellate court] affirms the District Court’s finding that there have been no significant violations in the course of the vote count and preparation of the records. ... The argument set out in the statement of appeal to the effect that the validity and authenticity of the copy of the records which is duly certified by the officer in charge should be presumed cannot be accepted. The copies of the records submitted by the claimants do not comply with the legal requirements for such copies. The required information is missing. The time of the preparation of the record is not indicated. The copy number is missing. In some [of the records] the figures are not reproduced in words, and so on. The information contained in the copies of the records submitted is refuted by other objective evidence contained in the case file. The claimants have failed to provide any other evidence in compliance with [the applicable laws].”
25. Several voters, observers and PEC members challenged the election results as reported by PECs nos. 16/02, 16/06, 16/11, 16/12, 16/21, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, and 16/43. The third applicant was a PEC member with an advisory vote appointed by the KPRF. The fourth applicant was an observer on behalf of the KPRF who had taken part in the vote count. The claimants alleged that the vote count conducted by the PEC had differed from the results submitted to, and published by, the TEC. The courts discontinued the proceedings, noting that the claimants did not have standing to challenge the election results. The claimants appealed against those decisions. The second applicant party took part in the appeal proceedings as a third party. On various dates between 20 March and 11 December 2012 the court of appeal upheld the findings of the lower courts. 26. The regional branch of SR challenged the election results as reported by PECs nos. 16/01, 16/07, 16/11, 16/12, 16/13, 16/14, 16/20, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, 16/42, 16/43, and 16/44. In each case the courts discontinued the proceedings, noting that the claimant did not have standing to challenge the election results. The claimants appealed against those decisions. The second applicant party took part in the appeal proceedings as a third party. On various dates between 5 April and 26 June 2012 the court of appeal upheld the findings of the lower courts. 27. On 22 April 2013 the Constitutional Court allowed a complaint lodged by ten persons, including the third applicant, challenging the compliance of legislation on elections with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It confirmed the right of individual voters to challenge election results. The Constitutional Court’s findings on the issue are set out in detail in Davydov and Others (cited above, §§ 80-88). 28. On 21 September 2012 the first and second applicant parties, jointly with KPRF and SR, asked the Kalacheyevskiy District Prosecutor’s Office to open administrative proceedings in respect of irregularities as regards the vote count. On 24 October 2012 the District Prosecutor’s Office discerned no grounds to open such proceedings. The parties appealed, and on 7 December 2012 the District Court found that the prosecutor had failed to carry out a proper investigation into the complaint and quashed the decision of 24 October 2012. On 29 January 2013 the Regional Court upheld the refusal by the prosecutor’s office to institute the proceedings. 29. On 3 December 2012 the first applicant party and SR applied to the Semilukskiy District Court of the Voronezh Region, challenging the decision ordering a recount of the votes in respect of PECs: nos. 35/13, 35/16, 35/18, 35/21, 35/22, 35/24, 35/25, 35/27, 35/28, 35/29, 35/33, 35/35, 35/36 and 35/50. They submitted that SR’s representatives had been present during the initial vote count. At the time the PECs had established and recorded the election results. The party’s representatives had received the relevant records. However, the official election results published by the TEC had been different from those recorded in the records received by SR’s representatives. According to the official version, the fourteen PECs had decided to recount the votes. The recount had been conducted in the absence of any legal basis or legal ground. None of the interested parties, including observers, journalists, and so on, had been informed of the decision to recount the votes. As a result of the recount, the number of votes cast in favour of the ruling party increased by 1,493. 30. On 14 December 2012 materials relating to the elections of December 2011, including the ballot papers, were destroyed. 31. On 3 April 2013 the District Court dismissed the complaint. It established that the PEC members with an advisory vote had not been informed of the decision ordering the recount of the votes and that the recount had taken place in their absence. The court also accepted that the election results had been based on the records reissued by the fourteen PECs. In that connection it noted that the copies of the records presented by the claimants, containing results which differed from the official ones, had been issued prematurely and that the data contained therein had not been verified. The court conceded that the fact that the PEC members had received the records containing incorrect data had amounted to a breach of the applicable legislation but had not led to a distortion of the voters’ intent. Nor did the court accept that the difference between the information contained in the records presented by the claimants and the official election results proved that the data in the records had been correct. It noted that the records submitted by the claimants had not been in conformity with the applicable legal requirements as to their form and dismissed them as inadmissible in evidence. 32. On 16 July 2013 the Regional Court upheld the judgment of 3 April 2013 on appeal. 33. On the same day, the Regional Court issued a separate ruling (частное определение) directed at the Semilukskiy District TEC. It reminded it of the duty to fully comply with the requirements of the applicable legislation concerning, inter alia, the copies of the records of the voting results, and the recount procedure. The Regional Court found that the PECs and the TEC concerned had not informed all members of the commissions of the recounts and the drawing up of new records, in breach of the relevant legislation. The TEC was asked to report to the Regional Court within one month on the measures taken to comply with such requirements in the future. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE
34. An overview of the relevant domestic legal framework and practice and international documents is provided in Davydov and Others v. Russia (no. 75947/11, §§ 173-98, 30 May 2017). THE LAW
35. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly. 36. On 4 May 2021 the applicants’ representative informed the Court that fourth applicant (Mr S. Krapivkin) died on 4 November 2020 and that his widow, Ms Nina Timofeevna Krapivkina, wished to pursue the application before the Court in his stead. 37. The Government claimed that Ms N. Krapivkina should not be allowed to pursue the application in stead of her late husband, because the rights under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention to which he referred to are eminently personal and non-transferrable. 38. The Court notes that the decisive point in the present case is not whether the rights in question are or are not transferable to the heirs wishing to pursue the procedure, but whether the heirs can in principle claim a legitimate interest in asking the Court to deal with the case on the basis of the applicant’s wish to exercise his or her individual and personal right to lodge an application with the Court (see Singh and Others v. Greece, no. 60041/13, § 26, 19 January 2017; Burlya and Others v. Ukraine, no. 3289/10, § 68, 6 November 2018; and Garbuz v. Ukraine, no. 72681/10, § 28, 19 February 2019). 39. Taking into account the materials before it, the Court considers that Ms N. Krapivkina has a legitimate interest in pursuing the application. It therefore holds that she has standing to continue the present proceedings in her late husband’s stead (see, among recent examples, Mifsud v. Malta, no. 62257/15, §§ 38-40, 29 January 2019, and Radzevil v. Ukraine, no. 36600/09, § 47, 10 December 2019). 40. The applicants complained under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention in conjunction with Article 13 of the Convention that the official results of the elections to the Duma had not been based on the vote counts conducted by the PECs in the Kalacheyevskiy and Semilukskiy Districts and that the national judicial authorities had failed to ensure a proper judicial review of their complaints. The Court will examine those allegations under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1, which reads as follows:
“The High Contracting Parties undertake to hold free elections at reasonable intervals by secret ballot, under conditions which will ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature.”
41. The Government submitted that the applicants had failed to bring their grievances to the attention of the election commissions. They also pointed out that none of the applicants had asked the competent national authorities to open a criminal or administrative investigation into their allegations of election fraud or any other violations in the course of the elections. Neither the third nor the fourth applicant had applied for the reopening of their cases after the review of the applicable legislation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. 42. The applicants contended that they had exhausted the domestic remedies in respect of their grievances. As to the possibility for the third and fourth applicants to apply for a review of the decisions in their cases following the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the relevant documents had been already destroyed by the PECs and any application for a review of the cases would have been devoid of purpose. 43. The Court observes that the applicants applied for a judicial review of their complaints at the domestic level. The national courts were competent, as a matter of law, to perform an independent and effective evaluation of the allegations at stake (compare Davydov and Others, cited above, §§ 333-34). Accordingly, the applicants complied with the requirements set out in Article 35 of the Convention by bringing their grievances to the attention of the national courts. The Court also accepts the applicants’ position that it was not incumbent on them to apply for the reopening of the proceedings in their respective cases following the Constitutional Court’s decision of 22 April 2013 (ibid., § 323). 44. The Court notes that the applicants’ complaints are neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention. They must therefore be declared admissible. 45. The applicants maintained their complaints. They argued that they had submitted arguable claims concerning serious violations in the course of the vote counting and reporting by the electoral commissions and that the domestic courts had failed to ensure an effective examination of those claims. The courts had ignored the obvious violations committed by the PECs and had refused to recount the votes. The complaints lodged by the third and fourth applicants had not been examined on the merits. 46. The Government submitted that the applicants’ grievances had been duly considered by the national judicial authorities at two levels of jurisdiction; that the applicants’ rights had not been infringed; and that the elections had been conducted in strict compliance with the law. 47. As regards the proceedings which ended with the judgment of the Voronezh Regional Court on 1 November 2012, the Government relied on the domestic courts’ findings that the first applicant party had failed to substantiate its allegations. The claimants had refused to submit duly authenticated copies of the records, to provide the names of the parties’ observers who had been present during the vote count, or to ensure their attendance at the hearing. The Government further reiterated the domestic courts’ findings that there had been no administrative or criminal proceedings instituted against members of the PECs and reasoned that, in such circumstances, the courts had rightfully dismissed as unsubstantiated the claimants’ allegations of fraud committed in the course of the vote-count reporting. 48. As regards the proceedings which ended with the judgment of the Regional Court on 16 July 2013, the Government reiterated the findings of the national judicial authorities. They conceded that the PECs had failed to comply with the procedure for the issuance of the records to the observers. That fact alone, however, had not had any impact on the expression of the voters’ will and the election results. Having examined the first applicant party’s allegations, the national domestic authorities had not discerned any serious violations of law that would have invalidated the elections. Nor had the claimants submitted copies of the relevant records to substantiate their allegations. The copies of the records submitted by the claimants had not been admitted in evidence by the courts. Accordingly, the national judicial authorities’ decision to dismiss the claimants’ allegations as unsubstantiated did not appear unreasonable or arbitrary. Lastly, the Government argued that the first applicant party had applied for a judicial review of the alleged violations one year after the elections. At the time, the PECs had already been dissolved and it had been impossible to obtain the relevant evidence. The original documents had been destroyed as the time-limit for their storage had expired. 49. According to the principles developed in Mugemangango v. Belgium [GC], no. 310/15, §§ 67-73, 10 July 2020, and Davydov and Others, cited above, §§ 271-88, the Court’s task in the present case is to ascertain whether the applicants’ allegations were sufficiently serious and arguable and whether they received an effective examination, i.e. that that the findings of the domestic authorities were not arbitrary or manifestly unreasonable. (a) The first applicant party’s complaints
(i) Kalacheyevskiy District (application no. 41982/12)
50. The Court observes that the first applicant party challenged the election results in respect of eighteen polling stations in the Kalacheyevskiy District, alleging manipulation of the vote count leading to an increase in the vote share of the ruling party and to a decrease in the vote share of its rival candidates. In doing so, it relied on the documents submitted by the observers and on eyewitness statements (see paragraphs 10-24 above). The first applicant party claimed that the free expression of the will of the people had been thwarted as a result of the misreporting of the vote count by the relevant PECs. 51. In the Court’s view the first applicant party put forward a serious and arguable claim that the fairness of the elections had been seriously compromised. The alleged irregularities, if duly confirmed to have taken place, were indeed capable of thwarting the democratic nature of the elections. The first applicant party’s allegations were supported by relevant evidence, which included statements made by the observers and the members of the electoral commissions who gave fact-specific accounts of the violations witnessed by them. The Court also has regard to its finding in the above-mentioned Davydov and Others judgment, and observes that the problems identified in that case were similar to the first applicant party’s specific allegations. It remains, accordingly, to ascertain whether the first applicant party’s complaint received an effective examination at the national level. 52. The Court accepts and the parties have not argued otherwise, that Russian law provided, at the relevant time, for a system of examination of individual election-related complaints, consisting of electoral commissions at different levels, whose decisions could be challenged subsequently before the courts of general jurisdiction. Under such circumstances, the Court’s examination should be limited to verifying whether any arbitrariness could be detected in the domestic procedure and decisions (see Namat Aliyev v. Azerbaijan, no. 18705/06, § 80, 8 April 2010). 53. While the first applicant party’s claims were accepted for examination on the merits, the national judicial authorities refrained from examining the substance of the complaints. They routinely dismissed the documents submitted by the first applicant party and its co-claimants as inadmissible in evidence, noting that the form of those documents had not been in compliance with the statutory requirements. The Court does not deny the importance of adherence to rules of procedure in matters of election administration and the recording of the results. Nevertheless, in its opinion and regard being had to the seriousness of the accusations, it was incumbent on the national courts to employ other means available to dispel the doubts as to the validity of the election results rather than dismissing the documentary evidence on purely formal grounds. The Court discerns no indication in the judgments delivered by the national courts or in the Government’s submissions as to the efforts made by the national authorities in that regard. While several witnesses who had been members of the electoral commissions testified to the repeated violations of the vote count and reporting and those allegations were also supported by the written statements provided by the observers assigned to the polling stations, the national courts refused to assess that evidence and found it, without going into any detail, of no probative value. The fact that the election results management system malfunctioned was ignored. Nor did the courts explain why a judicial recount of the votes was impossible or unfeasible. It appears that the national courts gave such predominant weight to the fact that no criminal or administrative proceedings had been opened in connection with the first applicant party’s complaint that they virtually dispensed with examining the evidence presented by the claimants. 54. Regard being had to the above, the Court concludes that the national judicial authorities refrained from going into the substance of the complaint lodged by the first applicant party about the misreporting of the election results by the eighteen PECs, instead limiting its judicial review to trivial questions of formalities and ignoring evidence pointing to serious and widespread breaches of procedure and transparency requirements. Accordingly, the Court is unable to conclude that the national courts ensured a procedure complying with the requirement to provide sufficient guarantees against arbitrariness in the review of an arguable claim of serious violations of electoral rights. There has been accordingly a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. (ii) Semiluksiy District (application no. 6599/14)
55. As to the first applicant party’s complaint concerning the recount of the votes at the fourteen polling stations in the Semilukskiy District (see paragraphs 29-33 above), the Court takes into account the national courts’ finding that (1) the decisions to recount the votes were taken in the absence of the observers from the opposition and (2) the observers from the opposition were not present during the actual recount or advised in good time about the results of the recount. It further notes that, as a result of the recount, the number of votes in favour of the ruling party increased. Accordingly, the Court considers that the recount of the votes on such scale, in the absence of any transparency, pointed to a serious dysfunction in the electoral system and was capable of casting serious doubts on the fairness of the entire process. It therefore accepts that the first applicant party put forward a serious and arguable claim that the fairness of the elections had been seriously compromised. It remains to ascertain whether there was an effective examination of the first applicant party’s complaint at the national level. 56. The Court further notes that, similarly to the situation in the Kalacheyevskiy District, the judicial authorities refrained from going into the substance of the first applicant party’s allegations, instead limiting their analysis to trivial questions of formalities and completely ignoring evidence pointing to serious and widespread breaches of procedure and transparency requirements. 57. Lastly, the Court does not lose sight of the fact that, as submitted by the Government, the actual ballots were destroyed almost immediately after the District Court accepted the first applicant party’s complaint for consideration, thus rendering it impossible for the judicial authorities to verify the vote count if necessary. The Government did not explain why the District Court chose not to take measures ensuring the preservation of the ballots while this was still feasible. Nor did they elaborate as to the legislative requirements, if indeed there were any, concerning the storage of relevant electoral materials until the last opportunity to challenge election results had passed. Similarly, the Court does not accept the Government’s argument that the first applicant party instituted the judicial proceedings belatedly. 58. In the circumstances of the case, the Court considers that the failure on the part of the authorities to ensure a proper, transparent review of the first applicant party’s grievances amounts to a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1. It finds it difficult to reconcile such a breach with the Russian courts’ and the Government’s argument that it did not lead to a distortion of the voters’ intent. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Government’s argument that such an omission did not lead to a violation of the relevant Convention provisions is of no significance and concludes that there has been a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. (b) The second applicant party and the third and fourth applicants
59. The Court observes that the national courts refused to consider the complaints lodged by the second applicant party and the third and fourth applicants on the merits, noting that they did not have standing to challenge the election results (see paragraphs 25 and 26 above26). The Government did not argue that the applicants’ complaints had received an effective examination by the national judicial authorities. 60. In this connection, the Court reiterates that such a failure would constitute a violation of the individual’s right to free election guaranteed under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention (see, for example, Davydov and Others, cited above, § 335). It further notes that the Government have not made any submissions on the matter that would allow it to reach a different finding in the present case. 61. The Court concludes that the national judicial authorities have not ensured an effective examination of the applicants’ grievances. The Court does not lose sight of the fact that it was open to the applicants to apply for the reopening of the proceedings after the Constitutional Court’s finding. However, such an application for reopening would have been devoid of purpose after a significant lapse of time, when all the relevant documents had been destroyed. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. 62. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
63. The applicants’ claims in respect of non-pecuniary damage are summarised in the appended table. 64. The Government considered those claims excessive and unreasonable. 65. The Court considers that there is a clear link between the violations found and the non-pecuniary damage alleged by the applicants. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the first, second and third applicant, as well as Ms N. Krapivkina 5,000 euros (EUR) each in respect of non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable on that amount. 66. The applicants also claimed EUR 8,000 jointly for the costs and expenses incurred before the domestic courts and the Court, and asked the award to be payed directly to their representative. They submitted that their representative had represented them pro bono. Nevertheless, he had incurred travel, accommodation and other expenses which had to be reimbursed. The third and fourth applicants each claimed 200 Russian roubles (RUB) in respect of the court fees they had paid. Lastly, the applicants claimed RUB 2,000 in connection with the court fee paid by their representative when lodging an appeal and RUB 11,415.49 in respect of the fee paid by him for commissioning an expert report. The third and fourth applicants submitted copies of the relevant receipts. The remainder of the documents submitted were illegible. The applicants asked the Court to indicate that the aforementioned amounts of fees should be paid into the bank account of their representative. 67. The Government submitted that no compensation should be awarded to the applicants under this head. As regards the costs of Mr Sivoldayev’s services, the applicants had failed to substantiate their claims in respect of the sum of EUR 8,000, regard being had to the pro bono service provided by Mr Sivoldayev. They further noted that the court fees paid by the applicants when lodging an appeal were obligatory and should be not reimbursed. Lastly, they submitted that the fee paid by Mr Sivoldayev for the expert report had not been substantiated by any document. 68. According to the Court’s case-law, the applicants are entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these were actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria, the Court considers it reasonable to award the third applicant and Ms N. Krapivkina the sum of EUR 5 each covering court fees incurred by them in the domestic proceedings, for which evidence confirming the payment has been submitted. 69. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants and Ms N. Krapivkina, within three months, the following amounts, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 5,000 (five thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage, to the first, second, and third applicant and to Ms N. Krapivkina each;
(ii) EUR 5 (five euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of costs and expenses to the third applicant and Ms N. Krapivkina each;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 28 September 2021, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. {signature_p_2}
Olga Chernishova Georgios A. SerghidesDeputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
No. Application no. Date of introduction
Applicants’ details
(address and other details)
41982/12
14/12/2012
(1) Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (Rossiyskaya Obyedinennaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko)
a political party registered under the laws of the Russian Federation,
Moscow
6599/14
23/12/2013
41982/12
20/06/2012
(2) Voronezh Branch of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko
a division of the political party registered under the law of the Russian Federation,
Voronezh
19/10/2012
(3) Vasiliy Alekseyevich TIMOSHENKO
02/11/1958
Kalach, Voronezh Region
11/06/2013
(4) Vyacheslav Semenovich KRAPIVKIN
21/04/1940
Kalach, Voronezh Region
(died), the application is pursued by Ms Nina Timofeevna Krapivkina
THIRD SECTION
CASE OF RUSSIAN UNITED DEMOCRATIC PARTY YABLOKO AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 41982/12 and 6599/14)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
28 September 2021
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Georgios A. Serghides, President, María Elósegui, Andreas Zünd, judges,and Olga Chernishova, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the applications (nos. 41982/12 and 6599/14) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a political party registered in the Russian Federation, Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (Rossiyskaya Obyedinennaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko) (“Yabloko” or “the first applicant party”), its regional branch, the Voronezh Branch of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (“the Voronezh branch of Yabloko” or “the second applicant party”), and two Russian nationals, Vasiliy Alekseyevich Timoshenko and Vyacheslav Semenovich Krapivkin (“the third applicant” and “the fourth applicant”), on the dates indicated in the Appendix;
the decision to give notice to the Russian Government (“the Government”) of the applications;
the parties’ observations;
the decision to reject the Government’s objections to examination of the applications by the Committee;
Having deliberated in private on 7 September 2021,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
INTRODUCTION
1. The case concerns the alleged failure of the domestic authorities to adequately investigate complaints of serious irregularities during the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation (the lower chamber of the Russian Parliament) (“the Duma”) held on 4 December 2011. THE FACTS
2. The applicants’ details are set out in the appended table. They were represented by Mr I. Sivoldayev, a lawyer practising in Voronezh. 3. The Government were initially represented by Ms V. Milinchuk, the Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights, then by her subsequent successors in that office, Mr M. Galperin, and Mr M. Vinogradov. 4. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. 5. On 4 December 2011 elections to the Duma were held. 6. General information about the organisation of elections, the parties and the system of vote counting is outlined in the case of Davydov and Others v. Russia (no. 75947/11, §§ 10-16 and 20, 30 May 2017). While the latter case refers to elections in St Petersburg, the system operated similarly in each constituency of the Russian Federation. 7. The parties that took part in the elections were as follows: Yedinaya Rossiya (“ER”); Spraverdlivaya Rossiya (“SR”); Patrioty Rossiyi (“PR”); Pravoye Delo (“PD”); Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii (“the KPRF”); Liberalno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya Rossii (“the LDPR”); and Yabloko. 8. According to the applicants, in the course of the elections numerous irregularities were detected as regards the vote counting, tabulation and reporting of the results obtained during the Duma elections in the Voronezh Region. The precinct election commissions (“PECs”) allegedly altered the results of the elections by systematically assigning more votes to the ruling party (“ER”) and its candidates, and sometimes by stripping the opposition parties (including Yabloko) of their votes. 9. The applicants challenged the results in respect of eighteen polling stations of the Kalacheyevskiy District in the Voronezh Region: nos. 16/01, 16/02, 16/06, 16/07, 16/08, 16/11, 16/12, 16/13, 16/14, 16/20, 16/21, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, 16/42, 16/43 and 16/44. 10. On 11 March 2012 the first applicant party and SR lodged a complaint challenging the results of the elections to the Duma. They claimed that (1) the PECs had falsified the results of the elections in respect of the eighteen above-mentioned polling stations, and (2) such actions had been in breach of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. They submitted a list of the allegedly incorrect data in the election results and asked the court for the data to be corrected. The allegedly incorrect data concerned: (1) the number of ballots contained in the ballot boxes; (2) the number of unused ballots; (3) the number of valid or invalid ballots; and (4) the number of votes cast in favour of the participating parties, including ER, Yabloko and SR.
11. In the claimants’ opinion, the breaches had resulted in the following: (1) the number of valid ballots had been inflated by 1,967; (2) the number of invalid ballots had decreased by 191; (3) the number of unused ballots had decreased by 2,057; (4) the votes cast in favour of the ruling party (ER) had been inflated by 4,295, (5) the LDPR had lost 1,736 votes; (6) PR had lost 118 votes; (7) the first applicant party had lost 205 votes; and (8) PD had lost 51 votes. 12. The claimants submitted that the observers who had been present at the eighteen polling stations during the vote counts had been provided with copies of the records containing the results of the elections in respect of each of the eighteen polling stations. However, the records transmitted later by the PECs to the Territorial Election Commission (TEC) contained different data from those documented in the “original” records. In support of their allegations, the claimants submitted copies of the records containing the election results received by the observers. 13. In particular, the alleged discrepancies for polling station no. 16/01 are summarised in the table below. The third column indicates the figures as recorded in the “original” copy of the records. This document was attested by the signature of the commission’s chairperson and a stamp and indicated that it was issued at 12.30 a.m. on 5 December 2011. The fourth column of figures comes from the official results for the constituency as entered in the “Vybory” database and made public. Line No
Line description
“Original” record
Official result
4
Number of ballots issued at the polling station
1,455
1,755
6
Number of unused ballots invalidated after the end of the voting
807
507
8
Number of used ballots in the stationary ballot boxes
1,455
1,755
9
Number of invalid ballots
32
12
10
Total number of valid ballots
1,625
1,946
19
Votes cast for SR
262
262
20
Votes cast for the LDPR
170
5
21
Votes cast for PR
17
5
22
Votes cast for the KPRF
375
375
23
Votes cast for Yabloko
46
6
24
Votes cast for ER
747
1,291
25
Votes cast for PD
9
2
14. According to the claimants’ calculations, 4,495 votes for ER were added across the eighteen polling stations, amounting to about 12% of the total number of votes cast on that day in the Kalacheyevskiy District. Conversely, the number of votes cast for the first applicant party was reduced by 205. (a) Judicial review at the first level of jurisdiction
15. On an unspecified date the Kalacheyevskiy District Court of the Voronezh Region started the hearing of the case. The first applicant party and SR maintained their position. The KPRF was admitted as a third party to the proceedings. Its representative supported the claim. The prosecutor taking part in the proceedings called for the claim to be dismissed. 16. The court heard evidence from the PECs’ chairpersons and secretaries, who denied the claimants’ allegations. They further submitted that all of them had conducted the vote counts in the presence of the observers, in strict compliance with the applicable laws. The observers had interfered with, and slowed down, the process. As to the potential errors in the records, some of the persons questioned attributed them to fatigue on the part of the PEC members who had performed the actual counting. 17. The court also heard evidence from the observers assigned to the eighteen polling stations by the KPRF and from one observer representing SR. They explained that they had received the records of the election results after the vote count had been completed. The data in the records had corresponded to those published on the noticeboard. The election results announced officially on the following day had differed from the results recorded in the “original” records they had received. 18. Witness P.S., a member of the PEC at polling station no. 16/43, submitted that, according to the vote count, only 42% of the votes had been cast in favour of ER. The chairperson and another member of the commission had been concerned that they would be fired for such a result. The PEC had decreased the number of votes cast in favour of the LDPR, the first applicant party and PD, and assigned them to ER. The witness also claimed that one of the signatures in the “official” record against his name had not been his. 19. Witness N.S., the TEC deputy chairperson, submitted that on 5 December 2011 from 3 to 5 a.m. the computer system had stopped responding and they had been unable to enter the data regarding the election results. At the time of the system shutdown, the TEC had not received the records from the eighteen PECs in question. In his opinion, the system had been manipulated in order to rig the election results. 20. Witness Ch., a member of the TEC, submitted that the figures in the records submitted to the TEC in respect of the eighteen polling stations had differed from those recorded in the records issued to the observers. He had seen the persons who had brought the ballot boxes amend the records during the two hours when the computer system had been shut down. 21. On 23 July 2012 the District Court dismissed the claims, noting as follows:
“The claimants failed to submit evidence showing consistently that on election day [the eighteen PECs] had counted the votes and determined the election results in violation of the laws on elections or that the election results did not reflect the true expression of the voters’ will. Nor did [the claimants] submit any evidence to prove that their right to take part in the elections had been infringed ...
[The court] established that the process of voting, vote counting, determination of the election results, completion of the records by the PECs and issuance of the copies of the records was in compliance with the applicable laws on elections ... The claimants’ arguments are based on an incorrect interpretation of substantive laws, and on speculation and emotions that cannot be taken into consideration by the court. They are of no relevance for the correct consideration of the case. On 2 July 2012 [the investigator] refused to institute criminal proceedings ... as regards the alleged election fraud at polling station no. 16/01 ...
[The claimants and the third party] justify their allegations by relying on the copies of the records issued to the observers on behalf of the KPRF and SR. Admittedly, the [content] of the copies of the records submitted by the claimants and the third party differs from [the data contained in] those received by the TEC. ...
[The claimants and the third party] refused categorically to submit the original copies of the records which [had been issued to the observers]. In such circumstances the court is unable to verify the documents’ authenticity and admit them in evidence. The court explained to SR’s representative that it was necessary to question the observers on [their] behalf who had obtained the copies of the records. However, no information concerning those persons was provided and it was impossible to obtain their attendance. Regard being had to the above, the court considers the copies of the records containing the election results [submitted in respect of the eighteen polling stations] to be inadmissible in evidence. ...
... No evidence has been submitted to show that any of the PECs’ members have been found administratively liable for [failure to act in compliance with law]. Accordingly, the allegation that there were errors in the content of the record [issued by PEC no. 16/21] has not been substantiated. ...
No criminal investigation has been opened in respect of members of the PECs on charges of [election fraud]. Accordingly, the allegations of election fraud have not been substantiated.”
22. The court dismissed the statement made by P.S., relying on the forensic expert’s findings that it could not be established whether the signature attributed to P.S. had been authentic or forged. 23. The first applicant party, SR and the KPRF appealed against the judgment of 23 July 2012. (b) Appeal proceedings
24. On 1 November 2012 the Voronezh Regional Court upheld the judgment of 23 July 2012 on appeal, noting as follows:
“... the court at the first level of jurisdiction has correctly determined the circumstances of the case. Its findings are based on the fact that the copies of the records submitted by the claimants cannot be admitted in evidence. They do not correspond to the requirements set out in [the applicable legislation]. No other evidence in support of the argument that the election results were based on false data has been submitted. [The District Court] has found correctly that there were no grounds to satisfy the claims. The statements made by the observers and PEC members cannot be considered in evidence given that the election results should be determined exclusively on the basis of the vote count. Such data can be obtained on the basis of the records of election results or duly certified copies of them. Accordingly, the statements made by the observers and by PEC members and secretaries are of no significance. [The appellate court] affirms the District Court’s finding that there have been no significant violations in the course of the vote count and preparation of the records. ... The argument set out in the statement of appeal to the effect that the validity and authenticity of the copy of the records which is duly certified by the officer in charge should be presumed cannot be accepted. The copies of the records submitted by the claimants do not comply with the legal requirements for such copies. The required information is missing. The time of the preparation of the record is not indicated. The copy number is missing. In some [of the records] the figures are not reproduced in words, and so on. The information contained in the copies of the records submitted is refuted by other objective evidence contained in the case file. The claimants have failed to provide any other evidence in compliance with [the applicable laws].”
25. Several voters, observers and PEC members challenged the election results as reported by PECs nos. 16/02, 16/06, 16/11, 16/12, 16/21, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, and 16/43. The third applicant was a PEC member with an advisory vote appointed by the KPRF. The fourth applicant was an observer on behalf of the KPRF who had taken part in the vote count. The claimants alleged that the vote count conducted by the PEC had differed from the results submitted to, and published by, the TEC. The courts discontinued the proceedings, noting that the claimants did not have standing to challenge the election results. The claimants appealed against those decisions. The second applicant party took part in the appeal proceedings as a third party. On various dates between 20 March and 11 December 2012 the court of appeal upheld the findings of the lower courts. 26. The regional branch of SR challenged the election results as reported by PECs nos. 16/01, 16/07, 16/11, 16/12, 16/13, 16/14, 16/20, 16/29, 16/33, 16/34, 16/39, 16/42, 16/43, and 16/44. In each case the courts discontinued the proceedings, noting that the claimant did not have standing to challenge the election results. The claimants appealed against those decisions. The second applicant party took part in the appeal proceedings as a third party. On various dates between 5 April and 26 June 2012 the court of appeal upheld the findings of the lower courts. 27. On 22 April 2013 the Constitutional Court allowed a complaint lodged by ten persons, including the third applicant, challenging the compliance of legislation on elections with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It confirmed the right of individual voters to challenge election results. The Constitutional Court’s findings on the issue are set out in detail in Davydov and Others (cited above, §§ 80-88). 28. On 21 September 2012 the first and second applicant parties, jointly with KPRF and SR, asked the Kalacheyevskiy District Prosecutor’s Office to open administrative proceedings in respect of irregularities as regards the vote count. On 24 October 2012 the District Prosecutor’s Office discerned no grounds to open such proceedings. The parties appealed, and on 7 December 2012 the District Court found that the prosecutor had failed to carry out a proper investigation into the complaint and quashed the decision of 24 October 2012. On 29 January 2013 the Regional Court upheld the refusal by the prosecutor’s office to institute the proceedings. 29. On 3 December 2012 the first applicant party and SR applied to the Semilukskiy District Court of the Voronezh Region, challenging the decision ordering a recount of the votes in respect of PECs: nos. 35/13, 35/16, 35/18, 35/21, 35/22, 35/24, 35/25, 35/27, 35/28, 35/29, 35/33, 35/35, 35/36 and 35/50. They submitted that SR’s representatives had been present during the initial vote count. At the time the PECs had established and recorded the election results. The party’s representatives had received the relevant records. However, the official election results published by the TEC had been different from those recorded in the records received by SR’s representatives. According to the official version, the fourteen PECs had decided to recount the votes. The recount had been conducted in the absence of any legal basis or legal ground. None of the interested parties, including observers, journalists, and so on, had been informed of the decision to recount the votes. As a result of the recount, the number of votes cast in favour of the ruling party increased by 1,493. 30. On 14 December 2012 materials relating to the elections of December 2011, including the ballot papers, were destroyed. 31. On 3 April 2013 the District Court dismissed the complaint. It established that the PEC members with an advisory vote had not been informed of the decision ordering the recount of the votes and that the recount had taken place in their absence. The court also accepted that the election results had been based on the records reissued by the fourteen PECs. In that connection it noted that the copies of the records presented by the claimants, containing results which differed from the official ones, had been issued prematurely and that the data contained therein had not been verified. The court conceded that the fact that the PEC members had received the records containing incorrect data had amounted to a breach of the applicable legislation but had not led to a distortion of the voters’ intent. Nor did the court accept that the difference between the information contained in the records presented by the claimants and the official election results proved that the data in the records had been correct. It noted that the records submitted by the claimants had not been in conformity with the applicable legal requirements as to their form and dismissed them as inadmissible in evidence. 32. On 16 July 2013 the Regional Court upheld the judgment of 3 April 2013 on appeal. 33. On the same day, the Regional Court issued a separate ruling (частное определение) directed at the Semilukskiy District TEC. It reminded it of the duty to fully comply with the requirements of the applicable legislation concerning, inter alia, the copies of the records of the voting results, and the recount procedure. The Regional Court found that the PECs and the TEC concerned had not informed all members of the commissions of the recounts and the drawing up of new records, in breach of the relevant legislation. The TEC was asked to report to the Regional Court within one month on the measures taken to comply with such requirements in the future. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE
34. An overview of the relevant domestic legal framework and practice and international documents is provided in Davydov and Others v. Russia (no. 75947/11, §§ 173-98, 30 May 2017). THE LAW
35. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly. 36. On 4 May 2021 the applicants’ representative informed the Court that fourth applicant (Mr S. Krapivkin) died on 4 November 2020 and that his widow, Ms Nina Timofeevna Krapivkina, wished to pursue the application before the Court in his stead. 37. The Government claimed that Ms N. Krapivkina should not be allowed to pursue the application in stead of her late husband, because the rights under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention to which he referred to are eminently personal and non-transferrable. 38. The Court notes that the decisive point in the present case is not whether the rights in question are or are not transferable to the heirs wishing to pursue the procedure, but whether the heirs can in principle claim a legitimate interest in asking the Court to deal with the case on the basis of the applicant’s wish to exercise his or her individual and personal right to lodge an application with the Court (see Singh and Others v. Greece, no. 60041/13, § 26, 19 January 2017; Burlya and Others v. Ukraine, no. 3289/10, § 68, 6 November 2018; and Garbuz v. Ukraine, no. 72681/10, § 28, 19 February 2019). 39. Taking into account the materials before it, the Court considers that Ms N. Krapivkina has a legitimate interest in pursuing the application. It therefore holds that she has standing to continue the present proceedings in her late husband’s stead (see, among recent examples, Mifsud v. Malta, no. 62257/15, §§ 38-40, 29 January 2019, and Radzevil v. Ukraine, no. 36600/09, § 47, 10 December 2019). 40. The applicants complained under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention in conjunction with Article 13 of the Convention that the official results of the elections to the Duma had not been based on the vote counts conducted by the PECs in the Kalacheyevskiy and Semilukskiy Districts and that the national judicial authorities had failed to ensure a proper judicial review of their complaints. The Court will examine those allegations under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1, which reads as follows:
“The High Contracting Parties undertake to hold free elections at reasonable intervals by secret ballot, under conditions which will ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature.”
41. The Government submitted that the applicants had failed to bring their grievances to the attention of the election commissions. They also pointed out that none of the applicants had asked the competent national authorities to open a criminal or administrative investigation into their allegations of election fraud or any other violations in the course of the elections. Neither the third nor the fourth applicant had applied for the reopening of their cases after the review of the applicable legislation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. 42. The applicants contended that they had exhausted the domestic remedies in respect of their grievances. As to the possibility for the third and fourth applicants to apply for a review of the decisions in their cases following the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the relevant documents had been already destroyed by the PECs and any application for a review of the cases would have been devoid of purpose. 43. The Court observes that the applicants applied for a judicial review of their complaints at the domestic level. The national courts were competent, as a matter of law, to perform an independent and effective evaluation of the allegations at stake (compare Davydov and Others, cited above, §§ 333-34). Accordingly, the applicants complied with the requirements set out in Article 35 of the Convention by bringing their grievances to the attention of the national courts. The Court also accepts the applicants’ position that it was not incumbent on them to apply for the reopening of the proceedings in their respective cases following the Constitutional Court’s decision of 22 April 2013 (ibid., § 323). 44. The Court notes that the applicants’ complaints are neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention. They must therefore be declared admissible. 45. The applicants maintained their complaints. They argued that they had submitted arguable claims concerning serious violations in the course of the vote counting and reporting by the electoral commissions and that the domestic courts had failed to ensure an effective examination of those claims. The courts had ignored the obvious violations committed by the PECs and had refused to recount the votes. The complaints lodged by the third and fourth applicants had not been examined on the merits. 46. The Government submitted that the applicants’ grievances had been duly considered by the national judicial authorities at two levels of jurisdiction; that the applicants’ rights had not been infringed; and that the elections had been conducted in strict compliance with the law. 47. As regards the proceedings which ended with the judgment of the Voronezh Regional Court on 1 November 2012, the Government relied on the domestic courts’ findings that the first applicant party had failed to substantiate its allegations. The claimants had refused to submit duly authenticated copies of the records, to provide the names of the parties’ observers who had been present during the vote count, or to ensure their attendance at the hearing. The Government further reiterated the domestic courts’ findings that there had been no administrative or criminal proceedings instituted against members of the PECs and reasoned that, in such circumstances, the courts had rightfully dismissed as unsubstantiated the claimants’ allegations of fraud committed in the course of the vote-count reporting. 48. As regards the proceedings which ended with the judgment of the Regional Court on 16 July 2013, the Government reiterated the findings of the national judicial authorities. They conceded that the PECs had failed to comply with the procedure for the issuance of the records to the observers. That fact alone, however, had not had any impact on the expression of the voters’ will and the election results. Having examined the first applicant party’s allegations, the national domestic authorities had not discerned any serious violations of law that would have invalidated the elections. Nor had the claimants submitted copies of the relevant records to substantiate their allegations. The copies of the records submitted by the claimants had not been admitted in evidence by the courts. Accordingly, the national judicial authorities’ decision to dismiss the claimants’ allegations as unsubstantiated did not appear unreasonable or arbitrary. Lastly, the Government argued that the first applicant party had applied for a judicial review of the alleged violations one year after the elections. At the time, the PECs had already been dissolved and it had been impossible to obtain the relevant evidence. The original documents had been destroyed as the time-limit for their storage had expired. 49. According to the principles developed in Mugemangango v. Belgium [GC], no. 310/15, §§ 67-73, 10 July 2020, and Davydov and Others, cited above, §§ 271-88, the Court’s task in the present case is to ascertain whether the applicants’ allegations were sufficiently serious and arguable and whether they received an effective examination, i.e. that that the findings of the domestic authorities were not arbitrary or manifestly unreasonable. (a) The first applicant party’s complaints
(i) Kalacheyevskiy District (application no. 41982/12)
50. The Court observes that the first applicant party challenged the election results in respect of eighteen polling stations in the Kalacheyevskiy District, alleging manipulation of the vote count leading to an increase in the vote share of the ruling party and to a decrease in the vote share of its rival candidates. In doing so, it relied on the documents submitted by the observers and on eyewitness statements (see paragraphs 10-24 above). The first applicant party claimed that the free expression of the will of the people had been thwarted as a result of the misreporting of the vote count by the relevant PECs. 51. In the Court’s view the first applicant party put forward a serious and arguable claim that the fairness of the elections had been seriously compromised. The alleged irregularities, if duly confirmed to have taken place, were indeed capable of thwarting the democratic nature of the elections. The first applicant party’s allegations were supported by relevant evidence, which included statements made by the observers and the members of the electoral commissions who gave fact-specific accounts of the violations witnessed by them. The Court also has regard to its finding in the above-mentioned Davydov and Others judgment, and observes that the problems identified in that case were similar to the first applicant party’s specific allegations. It remains, accordingly, to ascertain whether the first applicant party’s complaint received an effective examination at the national level. 52. The Court accepts and the parties have not argued otherwise, that Russian law provided, at the relevant time, for a system of examination of individual election-related complaints, consisting of electoral commissions at different levels, whose decisions could be challenged subsequently before the courts of general jurisdiction. Under such circumstances, the Court’s examination should be limited to verifying whether any arbitrariness could be detected in the domestic procedure and decisions (see Namat Aliyev v. Azerbaijan, no. 18705/06, § 80, 8 April 2010). 53. While the first applicant party’s claims were accepted for examination on the merits, the national judicial authorities refrained from examining the substance of the complaints. They routinely dismissed the documents submitted by the first applicant party and its co-claimants as inadmissible in evidence, noting that the form of those documents had not been in compliance with the statutory requirements. The Court does not deny the importance of adherence to rules of procedure in matters of election administration and the recording of the results. Nevertheless, in its opinion and regard being had to the seriousness of the accusations, it was incumbent on the national courts to employ other means available to dispel the doubts as to the validity of the election results rather than dismissing the documentary evidence on purely formal grounds. The Court discerns no indication in the judgments delivered by the national courts or in the Government’s submissions as to the efforts made by the national authorities in that regard. While several witnesses who had been members of the electoral commissions testified to the repeated violations of the vote count and reporting and those allegations were also supported by the written statements provided by the observers assigned to the polling stations, the national courts refused to assess that evidence and found it, without going into any detail, of no probative value. The fact that the election results management system malfunctioned was ignored. Nor did the courts explain why a judicial recount of the votes was impossible or unfeasible. It appears that the national courts gave such predominant weight to the fact that no criminal or administrative proceedings had been opened in connection with the first applicant party’s complaint that they virtually dispensed with examining the evidence presented by the claimants. 54. Regard being had to the above, the Court concludes that the national judicial authorities refrained from going into the substance of the complaint lodged by the first applicant party about the misreporting of the election results by the eighteen PECs, instead limiting its judicial review to trivial questions of formalities and ignoring evidence pointing to serious and widespread breaches of procedure and transparency requirements. Accordingly, the Court is unable to conclude that the national courts ensured a procedure complying with the requirement to provide sufficient guarantees against arbitrariness in the review of an arguable claim of serious violations of electoral rights. There has been accordingly a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. (ii) Semiluksiy District (application no. 6599/14)
55. As to the first applicant party’s complaint concerning the recount of the votes at the fourteen polling stations in the Semilukskiy District (see paragraphs 29-33 above), the Court takes into account the national courts’ finding that (1) the decisions to recount the votes were taken in the absence of the observers from the opposition and (2) the observers from the opposition were not present during the actual recount or advised in good time about the results of the recount. It further notes that, as a result of the recount, the number of votes in favour of the ruling party increased. Accordingly, the Court considers that the recount of the votes on such scale, in the absence of any transparency, pointed to a serious dysfunction in the electoral system and was capable of casting serious doubts on the fairness of the entire process. It therefore accepts that the first applicant party put forward a serious and arguable claim that the fairness of the elections had been seriously compromised. It remains to ascertain whether there was an effective examination of the first applicant party’s complaint at the national level. 56. The Court further notes that, similarly to the situation in the Kalacheyevskiy District, the judicial authorities refrained from going into the substance of the first applicant party’s allegations, instead limiting their analysis to trivial questions of formalities and completely ignoring evidence pointing to serious and widespread breaches of procedure and transparency requirements. 57. Lastly, the Court does not lose sight of the fact that, as submitted by the Government, the actual ballots were destroyed almost immediately after the District Court accepted the first applicant party’s complaint for consideration, thus rendering it impossible for the judicial authorities to verify the vote count if necessary. The Government did not explain why the District Court chose not to take measures ensuring the preservation of the ballots while this was still feasible. Nor did they elaborate as to the legislative requirements, if indeed there were any, concerning the storage of relevant electoral materials until the last opportunity to challenge election results had passed. Similarly, the Court does not accept the Government’s argument that the first applicant party instituted the judicial proceedings belatedly. 58. In the circumstances of the case, the Court considers that the failure on the part of the authorities to ensure a proper, transparent review of the first applicant party’s grievances amounts to a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1. It finds it difficult to reconcile such a breach with the Russian courts’ and the Government’s argument that it did not lead to a distortion of the voters’ intent. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Government’s argument that such an omission did not lead to a violation of the relevant Convention provisions is of no significance and concludes that there has been a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. (b) The second applicant party and the third and fourth applicants
59. The Court observes that the national courts refused to consider the complaints lodged by the second applicant party and the third and fourth applicants on the merits, noting that they did not have standing to challenge the election results (see paragraphs 25 and 26 above26). The Government did not argue that the applicants’ complaints had received an effective examination by the national judicial authorities. 60. In this connection, the Court reiterates that such a failure would constitute a violation of the individual’s right to free election guaranteed under Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention (see, for example, Davydov and Others, cited above, § 335). It further notes that the Government have not made any submissions on the matter that would allow it to reach a different finding in the present case. 61. The Court concludes that the national judicial authorities have not ensured an effective examination of the applicants’ grievances. The Court does not lose sight of the fact that it was open to the applicants to apply for the reopening of the proceedings after the Constitutional Court’s finding. However, such an application for reopening would have been devoid of purpose after a significant lapse of time, when all the relevant documents had been destroyed. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. 62. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
63. The applicants’ claims in respect of non-pecuniary damage are summarised in the appended table. 64. The Government considered those claims excessive and unreasonable. 65. The Court considers that there is a clear link between the violations found and the non-pecuniary damage alleged by the applicants. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the first, second and third applicant, as well as Ms N. Krapivkina 5,000 euros (EUR) each in respect of non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable on that amount. 66. The applicants also claimed EUR 8,000 jointly for the costs and expenses incurred before the domestic courts and the Court, and asked the award to be payed directly to their representative. They submitted that their representative had represented them pro bono. Nevertheless, he had incurred travel, accommodation and other expenses which had to be reimbursed. The third and fourth applicants each claimed 200 Russian roubles (RUB) in respect of the court fees they had paid. Lastly, the applicants claimed RUB 2,000 in connection with the court fee paid by their representative when lodging an appeal and RUB 11,415.49 in respect of the fee paid by him for commissioning an expert report. The third and fourth applicants submitted copies of the relevant receipts. The remainder of the documents submitted were illegible. The applicants asked the Court to indicate that the aforementioned amounts of fees should be paid into the bank account of their representative. 67. The Government submitted that no compensation should be awarded to the applicants under this head. As regards the costs of Mr Sivoldayev’s services, the applicants had failed to substantiate their claims in respect of the sum of EUR 8,000, regard being had to the pro bono service provided by Mr Sivoldayev. They further noted that the court fees paid by the applicants when lodging an appeal were obligatory and should be not reimbursed. Lastly, they submitted that the fee paid by Mr Sivoldayev for the expert report had not been substantiated by any document. 68. According to the Court’s case-law, the applicants are entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these were actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria, the Court considers it reasonable to award the third applicant and Ms N. Krapivkina the sum of EUR 5 each covering court fees incurred by them in the domestic proceedings, for which evidence confirming the payment has been submitted. 69. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants and Ms N. Krapivkina, within three months, the following amounts, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 5,000 (five thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage, to the first, second, and third applicant and to Ms N. Krapivkina each;
(ii) EUR 5 (five euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of costs and expenses to the third applicant and Ms N. Krapivkina each;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 28 September 2021, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. {signature_p_2}
Olga Chernishova Georgios A. SerghidesDeputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
No. Application no. Date of introduction
Applicants’ details
(address and other details)
41982/12
14/12/2012
(1) Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (Rossiyskaya Obyedinennaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko)
a political party registered under the laws of the Russian Federation,
Moscow
6599/14
23/12/2013
41982/12
20/06/2012
(2) Voronezh Branch of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko
a division of the political party registered under the law of the Russian Federation,
Voronezh
19/10/2012
(3) Vasiliy Alekseyevich TIMOSHENKO
02/11/1958
Kalach, Voronezh Region
11/06/2013
(4) Vyacheslav Semenovich KRAPIVKIN
21/04/1940
Kalach, Voronezh Region
(died), the application is pursued by Ms Nina Timofeevna Krapivkina
No. Application no. Date of introduction
Applicants’ details
(address and other details)
41982/12
14/12/2012
(1) Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (Rossiyskaya Obyedinennaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko)
a political party registered under the laws of the Russian Federation,
Moscow
6599/14
23/12/2013
41982/12
20/06/2012
(2) Voronezh Branch of Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko
a division of the political party registered under the law of the Russian Federation,
Voronezh
19/10/2012
(3) Vasiliy Alekseyevich TIMOSHENKO
02/11/1958
Kalach, Voronezh Region
11/06/2013
(4) Vyacheslav Semenovich KRAPIVKIN
21/04/1940
Kalach, Voronezh Region
(died), the application is pursued by Ms Nina Timofeevna Krapivkina