I correctly predicted that there was a violation of human rights in BABAK HASANOV v. AZERBAIJAN and 1 other application.
Information
- Judgment date: 2017-02-16
- Communication date: 2014-07-03
- Application number(s): 43137/13;43153/13
- Country: AZE
- Relevant ECHR article(s): 5, 5-1, 6, 6-1, 7, 7-1, 11, 11-1
- Conclusion:
Violation of Article 11 - Freedom of assembly and association (Article 11-1 - Freedom of peaceful assembly)
Violation of Article 6+6-3 - Right to a fair trial (Article 6 - Criminal proceedings
Article 6-1 - Fair hearing) (Article 6 - Right to a fair trial
Article 6-3 - Rights of defence
Article 6-3-b - Adequate facilities
Adequate time
Article 6-3-c - Legal assistance of own choosing)
Violation of Article 5 - Right to liberty and security (Article 5-1 - Lawful arrest or detention) - Result: Violation SEE FINAL JUDGMENT
JURI Prediction
- Probability: 0.78387
- Prediction: Violation
Consistent
Legend
Communication text used for prediction
FIRST SECTION Applications nos.
43137/13 and 43153/13Babak HASANOV against Azerbaijanand Babak HASANOV against Azerbaijanlodged on 22 January 2013 and 13 May 2013 respectively The applicant is Azerbaijani national who was born in 1973 and lives in Baku.
He submitted both applications in the present communication report.
The applicant is represented before the Court by Mr R. Mustafazade and Mr A. Mustafayev, lawyers practising in Azerbaijan.
The circumstances of the cases The applicant is an opposition-oriented activist.
In the period from 2010 to 2013 a number of opposition parties or groups organised several peaceful demonstrations in Baku.
These demonstrations had not been authorised and many participants were arrested.
The applicant participated in two of these demonstrations which took place on 17 November 2012 and 10 March 2013, in respect of which he lodged two separate applications.
1.
Application no.
43137/13 lodged on 22 January 2013 This application concerns participation of the applicant in the demonstration of 17 November 2012.
According to the applicant, the organisers had given prior notice to the relevant authorities about the demonstration of 17 November 2012; however, the authorities had not authorised holding of the demonstration.
The demonstration was intended to be peaceful and was conducted in a peaceful manner.
The participants demanded that the Government, inter alia, conduct democratic reforms in the country.
The demonstration was dispersed by the police.
The applicant was arrested by the police at the place where the demonstration was held and was taken to a police station.
According to the applicant, he was arrested by plain-clothed persons.
The applicant was not given an opportunity to contact his relatives.
He also was not promptly informed about the reasons for his arrest.
The applicant’s rights, including the right to have a lawyer, were not properly explained to him and he was not given access to a lawyer.
On the day of his arrest, an “administrative offence report” (inzibati xəta haqqında protokol) was drawn up in respect of the applicant.
The report stated that the applicant had committed an administrative offence under Article 310.1 (failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officer) of the Code of Administrative Offences (“the CAO”).
The applicant was never served with a copy of the administrative offence report issued against him.
The applicant was brought before the Sabail District Court on the day of the arrest.
By its decision of 17 November 2012 the court found that the applicant had deliberately failed to comply with the lawful order of police officers to refrain from participating in an unauthorised demonstration, convicted the applicant under Article 310.1 of the CAO, and sentenced him to seven days’ “administrative detention”.
According to the applicant, the hearing before the first-instance court lasted only a few minutes.
The applicant had insisted on employing a lawyer of his own choice, but the judge of the first-instance court had disregarded his request.
According to the applicant, representation by a State-funded lawyer was ineffective and of a formalistic nature.
The first-instance court relied heavily on the administrative offence report issued in respect of the applicant.
According to the applicant, no witnesses were questioned except for the applicant himself.
Members of the public were not allowed to attend the court hearings, even though the court had not taken any formal decision to close the hearings to the public.
The applicant lodged an appeal before the Baku Court of Appeal, arguing that his conviction was in violation of his rights because the demonstration in which he had participated had been peaceful.
The applicant also complained that his arrest had been unlawful and that the hearings before the first-instance court had not been fair.
In his appeal the applicant also complained that, when sentencing him to administrative detention, the first-instance court had failed to take into consideration the fact that he had a second-degree disability, in breach of the requirements of the law.
The applicant observed that, according to the domestic legislation, a person with a second-degree disability could not be sentenced to “administrative detention”.
The applicant asked the Baku Court of Appeal to quash the first-instance court’s decision in his case.
By its decisions of 26 November 2012 the Baku Court of Appeal rejected the applicant’s appeal and upheld the decision of the first-instance court.
2.
Application no.
43153/13 lodged on 15 May 2013 This application concerns participation of the applicant in the demonstration of 10 March 2013.
It appears that the organisers of the demonstration of 10 March 2013 had not given a formal notice to the relevant authorities about the planned demonstration.
Information about this demonstration had been disseminated through Facebook or through press.
The demonstration was intended to be peaceful and was conducted in a peaceful manner.
The participants protested over deaths of numerous soldiers in the army.
The demonstration was dispersed by the police.
The applicant was arrested by the police at the place where the demonstration was held and was taken to a police station.
According to the applicant, he was not given an opportunity to contact his relatives.
He also was not promptly informed about the reasons for his arrest.
The applicant’s rights, including the right to have a lawyer, were not properly explained to him and he was not given access to a lawyer.
On the day of his arrest, an “administrative offence report” was drawn up in respect of the applicant.
The report stated that the applicant had committed an administrative offence under Article 298.2 (participation in a public assembly which was not organised in accordance with law) of the CAO.
The applicant was never served with a copy of the administrative offence report issued against him.
The applicant was brought before the Sabail District Court the following day.
By its decision of 11 March 2013 the court found that the applicant had participated in a demonstration which was not organised in accordance with law (an offence under Article 298.2 of the CAO), convicted the applicant under Article 298.2 of the CAO, and sentenced him to six days’ “administrative detention”.
According to the applicant, he had insisted on employing a lawyer of his own choice, but the judge of the first-instance court had disregarded this request.
The first-instance court relied heavily on the administrative offence report issued in respect of the applicant.
According to the applicant, the only witnesses questioned during the court hearings were the police officers.
Members of the public were not allowed to attend the court hearings, even though the court had not taken any formal decision to close the hearings to the public.
The applicant lodged an appeal before the Baku Court of Appeal, arguing that his conviction was in violation of his rights because the demonstration in which he had participated had been peaceful.
The applicant also complained that his arrest had been unlawful and that the hearings before the first-instance court had not been fair.
In his appeal the applicant also complained that, when sentencing him to administrative detention, the first-instance court had failed to take into consideration the fact that he had a second-degree disability, in breach of the requirements of the law.
The applicant asked the Baku Court of Appeal to quash the first-instance court’s decision.
By its decision of 27 March 2013 the Baku Court of Appeal rejected the applicant’s appeal and upheld the decision of the first‐instance court.
COMPLAINTS Complaints raised in both applications (nos.
43137/13 and 43153/13): 1.
The applicant complains under Article 5 of the Convention that he was not promptly informed about the reasons for his arrest; that he was not given an opportunity to contact his relatives; that his rights, including the right to have a lawyer, were not properly explained to him; that he was never served with a copy of the administrative offence reports issued against him and with other materials in his case-files; and that during the demonstration of 17 November 2012 he was arrested by plain-clothed persons.
2.
The applicant complains under Article 6 of the Convention that he did not have a fair hearing in the administrative offence proceedings because he was not given sufficient time and facilities to prepare his defence; that he was deprived of access to effective legal assistance, both after the arrest and during the judicial proceedings; and that the only witnesses to be questioned were police officers.
Also, the applicant complains under Article 6 of the Convention that his right to a public hearing was violated.
3.
The applicant complains that he was arrested and prosecuted for participating in peaceful demonstrations, in breach of Article 11 of the Convention.
The applicant also relies on Article 10 in this respect.
4.
The applicant complains, relying on Article 7 of the Convention, that a heavier penalty was imposed on him than the one which was applicable at the time of the commission of the offence: according to domestic legislation, the applicant could not be sentenced to administrative detention because he had a second-degree disability.
The applicant also relies on Article 3 in this respect.
Complaint raised in application no.
43137/13 only: 5.
The applicant complains, invoking Article 7 of the Convention, that the domestic law serving as a basis for his conviction did not comply with the principle of foreseeability.
The applicant argues that participation in a peaceful demonstration (advance notice about which had been given to the relevant authorities) was his constitutional right and not a criminal offence.
COMMON QUESTIONS 1.
Was the applicant deprived of his liberty in breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention?
In particular, was the applicant’s “administrative” arrest in compliance with domestic procedural rules?
2.
Was Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention under its criminal head applicable to the proceedings in the present cases?
If so, did the applicant have a fair and public hearing in determining the charge against him, in accordance with Article 6 § 1 of the Convention?
In particular, was the principle of equality of arms respected as regards the provision of sufficient time and facilities to prepare his defence, the opportunity to defend oneself through effective legal assistance, and the questioning of witnesses?
3.
Was a heavier penalty imposed on the applicant than the one which was applicable at the time of the commission of the offence in the present cases, as proscribed by Article 7 of the Convention?
Specifically, did the domestic courts take into consideration the applicant’s second-degree disability, when sentencing him to administrative detention?
4.
Has there been an interference with the applicant’s freedom of peaceful assembly, within the meaning of Article 11 § 1 of the Convention?
If so, was the interference prescribed by law, as required by Article 11 § 2?
In particular, did the domestic legislation in question meet the “quality of law” requirement?
Furthermore, was the interference necessary, in terms of Article 11 § 2?
5.
The parties are requested to submit copies of all documents relating to the administrative proceedings, including the administrative offence reports, any statements made by the applicant before being brought to court, the transcripts of the hearings and the applicant’s appeals.
6.
The parties are also requested to submit copies of all documents relating to the organisation and holding of the demonstrations in which the applicant participated, in particular, the notices submitted by the organisers of the demonstrations to the relevant local executive authorities, and the official responses the organisers received from the relevant local executive authorities refusing to authorise the demonstrations.
7.
The applicant is also requested to submit copies of documents proving his second-degree disability.
CASE SPECIFIC
Judgment
FIFTH SECTIONCASE OF BABAK HASANOV v. AZERBAIJAN
(Applications nos. 43137/13 and 43153/13)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
16 February 2017
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Babak Hasanov v. Azerbaijan,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Faris Vehabović, President,Khanlar Hajiyev,Carlo Ranzoni, judges,and Milan Blaško, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 30 June 2016,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in two applications (nos. 43137/13 and 43153/13) against the Republic of Azerbaijan lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by an Azerbaijani national, Mr Babak Gazanfar oglu Hasanov (“the applicant”), on 22 January and 15 May 2013 respectively. 2. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr R. Mustafazade and Mr A. Mustafayev, lawyers practising in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr Ç. Asgarov. 3. On 3 July 2014 the complaints concerning Articles 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11, raised in both applications, and the complaint concerning Article 7, raised in application no. 43137/13 only, were communicated to the Government, and the remainder of application no. 43153/13 was declared inadmissible. THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
4. The applicant was born in 1973 and lives in Baku. At the material time he was a member of an opposition party – the Popular Front Party of Azerbaijan. A. Administrative arrests
5. The applicant participated or attempted to participate in demonstrations organised by the opposition on 17 November 2012 and 10 March 2013 in Baku. 6. On 12 November 2012, the organisers gave notice to the relevant authority, the Baku City Executive Authority (“the BCEA”), about the demonstration of 17 November 2012. It appears that no proper prior notice was given to the BCEA by the organisers of the demonstration of 10 March 2013. Information about that assembly was disseminated through Facebook or the press. 7. The BCEA refused to authorise the holding of the demonstration of 17 November 2012, stating in general terms that that assembly would not be in accordance with the Law on Freedom of Assembly. The BCEA further stated that the square where the organisers proposed to hold the assembly was a designated public leisure area and that the assembly itself would be impractical. 8. Nevertheless, the organisers decided to hold the demonstrations in the centre of Baku. 9. According to the applicant, the demonstrations were intended to be peaceful and were conducted in a peaceful manner. The participants of the demonstration of 17 November 2012 were demanding democratic reforms in the country and protesting against impediments to freedom of assembly. The participants of the demonstration of 10 March 2013 were protesting about the deaths of numerous soldiers in the army. 10. The applicant attended both demonstrations, but shortly after they had begun the police started to disperse them. In both cases the applicant was arrested during the dispersal operation and was taken to a police station, where he was questioned. According to the applicant, in the first case he was arrested by people in plain clothes. 11. In both cases, on the day of the applicant’s arrest, an “administrative-offence report” (inzibati xəta haqqında protokol) was issued in respect of him. In the first case the report stated that by deliberately failing to comply with a lawful order from the police, the applicant had committed an administrative offence under Article 310.1 of the Code of Administrative Offences (“the CAO”). In the second case the applicant was charged with an administrative offence under Article 298.2 (participation in a public assembly that had not been organised in accordance with the law) of the CAO. 12. In the first case the applicant refused to sign the administrative‐offence report. 13. According to the applicant, he was never served with copies of the administrative-offence reports or with other documents in his case files. In neither case was he given access to a lawyer after the arrest or while in police custody. 14. In the second case, according to a document drawn up by a police officer and a record dated 10 March 2013, a State-funded lawyer (Mr T.A.) was instructed to assist the applicant. B. Court proceedings against the applicant
15. In the first case the applicant was brought before the Sabail District Court on 17 November 2012, the day of his arrest. In the second case he was kept in police custody overnight and brought before the Sabail District Court on 11 March 2013, the day after his arrest. 16. According to the applicant, the hearing before the court in both cases was very brief. Members of the public were not allowed to attend, even though the court had not taken a formal decision to close the hearing to the public. 17. According to the applicant, in neither case was he given an opportunity to hire a lawyer of his own choice. 18. At the court hearing in both cases a State-funded lawyer was appointed to assist the applicant. 19. None of the material submitted to the Court contains any record showing that in the first case the State-funded lawyer, Mr Z.A., made any oral or written submissions before the first-instance court. According to the record of the court hearing in the second case, in his oral submissions the State-funded lawyer, Mr T.A., stated in general terms that the applicant was not guilty. 20. At the hearing in the first case the court did not question any witnesses. The court in the second case questioned three police officers and a witness on the applicant’s behalf, Mr M.M. The police officers testified that they had arrested the applicant because he had staged an unauthorised demonstration. Mr M.M. testified that he and the applicant had attempted to participate in the demonstration but had been arrested even before they had entered the area where the assembly had been held. 21. By a decision of 17 November 2012 the first-instance court in the first case convicted the applicant under Article 310.1 of the CAO and sentenced him to seven days’ “administrative” detention. By a decision of 11 March 2013 the court in the second case convicted the applicant under Article 298.2 of the CAO and sentenced him to six days’ “administrative” detention. 22. On unspecified dates the applicant lodged appeals before the Baku Court of Appeal, arguing that his convictions were in violation of his rights because the demonstrations in which he had participated or attempted to participate had been peaceful. The applicant also complained that his arrests had been unlawful and that the hearings before the respective first-instance courts had not been fair. 23. In his appeals the applicant also complained that the respective first‐instance courts had failed to take into consideration the fact that he had a second-degree disability and, under the law, he should not have been sentenced to administrative detention. 24. In the first case the applicant was assisted before the Baku Court of Appeal by a lawyer of his own choice. In the second case he was not represented by a lawyer. 25. In the first case the Baku Court of Appeal found that the applicant had failed to stop participating in an unauthorised demonstration. In the second case the Court of Appeal found that the applicant had participated in a demonstration which had not been organised in accordance with the law. 26. In both cases, on 26 November 2012 and 27 March 2013 respectively, the Baku Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s appeal and upheld the decision of the first-instance court. II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS
27. At the time of both of the applicant’s arrests, under Article 5 § IV of the Law on Freedom of Assembly of 13 November 1998 no prior written notification was required for spontaneous assemblies. 28. At the time of the applicant’s arrest on 17 November 2012, Articles 298 and 310 of the Code of Administrative Offences of 2000 (“the CAO”) provided as follows:
Article 298Breach of the rules on the organisation and holding of assemblies, demonstrations, protests, marches and pickets
“Any breach of the rules, set forth under the legislation, on the organisation and holding of assemblies, demonstrations, protests, marches and pickets shall be punishable by a reprimand or a fine of seven to thirteen manats [AZN].”
Article 310Deliberate failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officeror military serviceman
“310.1. Deliberate failure [by an individual] to comply with a lawful order of a police officer or military serviceman carrying out their duties to protect public order shall be punishable by a fine of twenty to twenty-five manats [AZN] or, if that sanction is inadequate in the circumstances of the case and taking into account the character of the offender, by administrative detention for a term of up to fifteen days.”
29. Law no. 462-IVQD of 2 November 2012, which entered into force on 1 January 2013, introduced new wording to Article 298 of the CAO (breach of the rules on the organisation and holding of assemblies). Under that amendment, participation in an assembly organised in breach of the rules on the organisation and holding of assemblies became explicitly punishable under Article 298.2 of the CAO. Furthermore, a punishment in the form of administrative detention of up to fifteen days was introduced for the first time. Another new form of punishment introduced by the amendment was community service. In addition, the fine for breaching the rules on the organisation and holding of assemblies was increased and the amounts fixed as follows: between AZN 300 and 600 for participants of an assembly; between AZN 1,500 and 3,000 for individuals who organise an assembly; between AZN 3,000 and 6,000 for persons in charge (vəzifəli şəxslər) who organise an assembly; and between AZN 15,000 and 30,000 for legal entities involved in the organisation of an assembly. 30. Law no. 457-IVQD of 2 November 2012, which entered into force on 29 November 2012, increased the fine set out in Article 310.1 of the CAO to AZN 200. 31. The relevant extracts of Resolution 1917 (2013) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe: “The honouring of obligations and commitments by Azerbaijan”, read as follows:
“... 10. Regrettably, there is no political dialogue with the opposition parties outside parliament. The Assembly is concerned by the restrictive climate for the activities of the extra-parliamentary opposition, which complains about limitations imposed on freedom of expression and freedom of assembly and the lack of access to the public media. 11. The establishment of an inclusive political system and a truly competitive and unrestrictive political environment requires full implementation of basic freedoms, including freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and freedom of association. The situation in Azerbaijan is preoccupying and the Assembly expresses its deep concern in this regard. 12. Recently adopted amendments to the Criminal Code and the Administrative Code, which have increased penalties for the organisers of, and participants in, “unauthorised” gatherings, raise concern. Considering the authorities’ ongoing blanket ban on protests in the Baku city centre, these amendments are likely to have a further negative impact on freedom of assembly and freedom of expression. The restrictive use of certain articles of the Criminal Code, in particular Articles 221 and 233, against participants in peaceful, albeit unauthorised, demonstrations, is another matter of concern. ...”
32. The relevant extracts of the Report (CommDH(2013)14) of 6 August 2013 by Nils Muižnieks, the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, following his visit to Azerbaijan from 22 to 24 May 2013, read as follows:
“... 76. The Commissioner is deeply concerned by the recent amendments to the Law on Freedom of Assembly, the Criminal Code and the Code of Administrative Offences, which further erode the right to freedom of assembly. The sanctions which can now be imposed, coupled with the fact that local authorities have not authorised a single rally in Baku city centre in recent years, clearly have a chilling effect on the organisation of or participation in demonstrations. 77. The Commissioner is of the view that participants in peaceful assemblies should not be sanctioned for the mere fact of being present at and actively participating in the demonstration in question, provided they do not do anything illegal, violent or obscene in the course of it. The Commissioner therefore urges the authorities to ensure that no disproportionate sanction, which would undermine the fundamental right to peaceful assembly, is imposed. ...”
33. For a summary of other relevant provisions concerning administrative proceedings, the relevant provisions concerning organisation and holding of public assemblies, and the relevant extracts of international documents, see the judgment in the case of Gafgaz Mammadov v. Azerbaijan (no. 60259/11, §§ 27-42, 15 October 2015). THE LAW
I. JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS
34. Given the similarity of the facts and complaints raised by the applicant in his two applications, the Court has decided to join the applications in accordance with Rule 42 § 1 of the Rules of Court. II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLES 10 AND 11 OF THE CONVENTION
35. The applicant complained that the dispersal of the demonstrations by the police and his arrest and conviction for an administrative offence had been in breach of his freedom of assembly and freedom of expression, as provided for in Articles 10 and 11 of the Convention, which read as follows:
Article 10
“1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent states from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.”
Article 11
“1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. 2. No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This Article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces, of the police or of the administration of the State.”
A. Admissibility
36. The Court notes that these complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible. B. Merits
1. The scope of the applicant’s complaints
37. In the circumstances of the present cases, Article 10 is to be regarded as a lex generalis in relation to Article 11, a lex specialis. It is therefore unnecessary to take the complaint under Article 10 into consideration separately (see Ezelin v. France, 26 April 1991, § 35, Series A no. 202; Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, §§ 82-83, 3 October 2013; and Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, § 85, 15 October 2015). 38. On the other hand, notwithstanding its autonomous role and particular sphere of application, Article 11 must, in the present cases, also be considered in the light of Article 10. The protection of personal opinions, secured by Article 10, is one of the objectives of freedom of peaceful assembly as enshrined in Article 11 (see Ezelin, cited above, § 37, and Kudrevičius and Others, cited above, § 86). 2. The parties’ submissions
39. The applicant argued that the domestic legislation regulating freedom of assembly did not comply with principles of foreseeability and precision: while the Constitution required only prior notification about a planned public assembly, the system of prior authorisation, which was applied in practice and stemmed from certain provisions of the Law on Freedom of Assembly of 13 November 1998, allowed for arbitrary interference with freedom of assembly and permitted abusive banning or dispersal of public gatherings. 40. The applicant further submitted that the authorities had not taken into consideration the fact that the organisers had given the BCEA prior notice of the demonstration of 17 November 2012, and that the demonstration of 10 March 2013 had been a spontaneous assembly for which no prior notification was required by law. Nor had the authorities taken into consideration the fact that both demonstrations had been intended to be peaceful and had been held in a peaceful manner. 41. In addition, in the first case the applicant argued that his arrest and conviction under Article 310.1 of the CAO had been arbitrary. 42. The Government argued that the domestic legislation regulating freedom of assembly was precise and foreseeable, and was in line with European standards. They also submitted that the demonstrations had been organised in breach of national legislation. The dispersal of the demonstrations had pursued the aim of protecting the rights and freedoms of others. They pointed out that the venue proposed by the organisers of the demonstration of 17 November 2012 was one of the main areas for public recreation in Baku. 3. The Court’s assessment
43. The Court will examine, firstly, the material and the parties’ submissions in the applicant’s first case, namely, his arrest and conviction following his participation in the demonstration of 17 November 2012. The Court notes that the issues raised by the applicant are essentially the same as those examined in the Gafgaz Mammadov case (cited above). The facts of that case closely resemble those of the present case. The Court considers that the analysis and conclusions made in the Gafgaz Mammadov judgment also apply to the applicant’s first case. In that judgment, the Court noted in particular the existence of serious concerns about the foreseeability and precision of the legislation governing public assemblies, and about the possibility of public assemblies being abusively banned or dispersed (ibid., § 55); doubts about the credibility of the formal ground, namely, Article 310.1 of the CAO, invoked by the authorities for arresting and convicting the participant in an unauthorised demonstration (ibid., §§ 56 and 62); the authorities’ failure to take into consideration the fact that the demonstration had been notified (ibid., § 60); the lack of relevant and sufficient reasons justifying the dispersal of the demonstration, which had been intended to be peaceful and had been conducted in a peaceful manner (ibid., § 61); and the lack of any acknowledgment that the act of participating in an unauthorised peaceful demonstration was by itself protected by Article 11 of the Convention (ibid., §§ 63-64). Having regard to the above, in the Gafgaz Mammadov case the Court found that the applicant’s right to freedom of assembly had been violated on account of the dispersal of the demonstration and his arrest and conviction. 44. Having regard to the facts of the applicant’s first case and their clear similarity to those of the Gafgaz Mammadov case on all the relevant and crucial points, the Court sees no particular circumstances that could compel it to deviate from its findings in that judgment, and finds that in the present case the applicant’s right to freedom of assembly was breached for the same reasons as those outlined above. 45. The Court will examine, secondly, the material and the parties’ submissions in the applicant’s second case, namely, his arrest and conviction following his participation in the demonstration of 10 March 2013. The Court observes that the organisers had not given the BCEA proper prior notice of the demonstration of 10 March 2013. Examining the applicant’s argument that no such notice was required by law, the Court notes that, indeed, under Article 5 § IV of the Law on Freedom of Assembly, no prior written notification was required for “spontaneous assemblies”. Nevertheless, the applicant has failed to sufficiently substantiate his allegation that the demonstration in which he participated was a spontaneous one. In such circumstances the Court is ready to accept that the dispersal of the demonstration of 10 March 2013 was lawful (compare Ibrahimov and Others v. Azerbaijan, nos. 69234/11, 69252/11 and 69335/11, §§ 74-75, 11 February 2016). 46. Turning to the question whether the dispersal of the demonstration of 10 March 2013 and the applicant’s conviction were necessary in a democratic society, the Court notes that the issues raised by the applicant and the facts of the present case closely resemble those of the Gafgaz Mammadov case. Therefore, for the same reasons as those outlined in the Gafgaz Mammadov judgment, the Court concludes that the authorities in the present case have not adduced relevant and sufficient reasons justifying the dispersal of the demonstration (see Gafgaz Mammadov, cited above, § 61). The authorities also failed to acknowledge that the act of participating in an unauthorised peaceful demonstration was by itself protected by Article 11 of the Convention (ibid., §§ 63-64). 47. In these circumstances the Court finds a violation of Article 11 of the Convention in respect of both demonstrations in issue. III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION
48. The applicant complained under Article 6 of the Convention that in both cases he had not had a fair and public hearing in the proceedings concerning the alleged administrative offence. The relevant parts of Article 6 of the Convention read as follows:
“1. In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. ...
3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
(a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;
(b) to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;
(c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require; ...”
A. Admissibility
49. The Government submitted that in both cases the applicant had failed to complain before the domestic courts of lack of adequate time and facilities to prepare his defence. 50. The Court notes that the material before it does not support the Government’s objections as to exhaustion of domestic remedies. The documents included in the case files indicate that in both cases the applicant complained in his written appeals of the inadequacy of time and facilities to prepare his defence. 51. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds and must therefore be declared admissible. B. Merits
1. The parties’ submissions
52. The applicant submitted, in particular, that in both cases he had not been served, either prior to the hearing before the first-instance court or subsequently, with a copy of the administrative-offence report issued in respect of him or with other material in his case file. He also argued that the courts had based their findings merely on the administrative-offence reports and in the second case also on the statements of the police officers who had arrested him. The applicant further submitted that in both cases he had not been assisted by a lawyer at the pre-trial stage. In neither case had he been given an opportunity to hire a lawyer of his own choice to defend him before the first-instance court. He had been only formalistically represented by a State-funded lawyer. Lastly, in neither case had the public been allowed to attend the hearing before the first-instance court, even though the court had not issued an official decision to examine his case in a closed hearing. 53. The Government submitted that the administrative proceedings with respect to the applicant had been in line with national legislation. They argued in particular, that neither case had been complex and therefore the applicant had been able to prepare his defence. In both cases the applicant had been present personally at the hearing of the first-instance court and had been represented by a lawyer. In the first case, he had been represented by a lawyer of his own choice before the Court of Appeal. In the second case, he had been present at the hearing of the Court of Appeal and had therefore been able to defend himself in person. 2. The Court’s assessment
54. The Court notes from the outset that, according to a document drawn up by a police officer and a record dated 10 March 2013, a State-funded lawyer (Mr T.A.) was instructed to assist the applicant in the second case. However, those documents did not indicate at what stage the lawyer should have joined the proceedings. There is nothing in the material before the Court to suggest that any legal assistance was provided by Mr T.A. at the pre-trial stage. It appears that that lawyer only made brief oral submissions at the trial. Therefore the Court accepts the applicant’s assertion that at the pre-trial stage he was not assisted by a lawyer. 55. Having regard to the material in the case files and the parties’ submissions, the Court notes that the facts of the present cases and the issues under Article 6 of the Convention closely resemble those examined in the Gafgaz Mammadov case (cited above). The Court considers that the analysis and conclusions made in that judgment also apply to the present cases. In that judgment, the Court noted in particular the lack of necessary safeguards and guarantees in the administrative-offence proceedings, namely, lack of adequate time and facilities to prepare the defence (ibid., §§ 78-81); the strong reliance by the domestic courts on the administrative‐offence report prepared by the police and the statement given by a police officer (ibid., § 85); the utter disregard by the domestic courts of the important factual circumstances and legal issues of the case, inter alia, the peaceful nature of the unauthorised demonstration (ibid., § 86); the absence of legal assistance at the pre-trial stage of the proceedings (ibid., §§ 90-91); the failure to provide the applicant with an opportunity to appoint a lawyer of his own choice (ibid., § 92); and the formalistic nature of the representation by a State-funded lawyer (ibid., § 93). Having regard to the above, the Court found that the administrative-offence proceedings against the applicant in the Gafgaz Mammadov judgment, considered as a whole, were not in conformity with the guarantees of a fair hearing. 56. Having regard to the facts of the present cases and their clear similarity to those of the Gafgaz Mammadov case on all relevant and crucial points, the Court sees no particular circumstances that could compel it to deviate from its findings in that judgment, and finds that in the present cases the applicant’s right to fair trial was breached for the same reasons as those outlined above. 57. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention. 58. Having regard to the above finding of a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention (that the administrative-offence proceedings against the applicant, considered as a whole, were not in conformity with the guarantees of a fair hearing), the Court considers that there is no need to examine the applicant’s arguments concerning the alleged lack of a public hearing. IV. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE CONVENTION
59. The applicant complained that his arrest, custody and administrative detention following his participation in both demonstrations had been in breach of Article 5 of the Convention. Article 5 of the Convention, in so far as relevant, reads as follows:
“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:
(a) the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court; ...
(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; ...
2. Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him. 3. Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 (c) of this Article s
hall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.”
A. Admissibility
60. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It also notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds and must therefore be declared admissible. B. Merits
1. The parties’ submissions
61. The applicant argued that in the first case his arrest and administrative detention under Article 310.1 (failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officer) of the CAO had been arbitrary since he had not disobeyed any order from a police officer. The opening of administrative proceedings against participants in unauthorised demonstrations under Article 310.1 rather than Article 298 (violation of rules on holding public assemblies) of the CAO was an arbitrary administrative practice aimed at imposing a harsher form of punishment, such as administrative detention for up to fifteen days, which was not available under the latter Article. 62. The applicant further complained that in both cases he had not been promptly informed about the reasons for his arrest, and that his arrest and custody had not conformed to domestic procedural rules, in particular because he had not been given an opportunity to contact his relatives; his rights, including the right to have a lawyer, had not been properly explained to him; he had not been served with a copy of the administrative-offence report drawn up on him; and in the first case he had been arrested by people in plain clothes. 63. The Government submitted that in both cases the applicant’s arrest had been in conformity with the CAO, and his administrative detention had resulted from a lawful court decision by which he had been found guilty of an administrative offence. 64. The Government also submitted that in both cases the applicant had failed to make a request to contact his relatives. He had been duly informed about the reasons for his arrest as well as his rights under the relevant provisions of the CAO; however, in the first case he had refused to sign the administrative-offence report. 2. The Court’s assessment
65. Having regard to the material and the parties’ submissions in the applicant’s first case, namely, his arrest and conviction following his participation in the demonstration of 17 November 2012, the Court notes that the facts of this case and the issues under Article 5 of the Convention raised by it closely resemble those examined in the Gafgaz Mammadov case (cited above). It considers that the analysis and conclusions made in the Gafgaz Mammadov judgment also apply to the applicant’s first case. In that judgment, the Court noted that the measures applied by the authorities, namely arrest and custody followed by several days’ imprisonment, had pursued aims unrelated to the formal ground relied on to justify the deprivation of liberty, and implied an element of bad faith and arbitrariness (ibid., § 108). Having regard to the above, the Court found that the deprivation of liberty of the applicant in the Gafgaz Mammadov case had been arbitrary. 66. Having regard to the facts of the applicant’s first case and their clear similarity to those of the Gafgaz Mammadov case on all relevant and crucial points, the Court sees no particular circumstances that could compel it to deviate from its findings in that judgment, and finds that in the present case the applicant’s right to liberty was breached for the same reasons as those outlined above. 67. Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. 68. In view of the nature and the scope of its finding above, the Court does not consider it necessary to examine the applicant’s other complaints under Article 5 of the Convention (see Gafgaz Mammadov, cited above, § 110). V. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 7 OF THE CONVENTION
69. In application no. 43137/13 the applicant also complained under Article 7 of the Convention that his arrest and administrative detention following his participation in the demonstration of 17 November 2012 had been in breach of the right not to be punished without law. Article 7 of the Convention, in so far as relevant, reads as follows:
“1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed. ...”
70. The applicant submitted that the domestic law serving as a basis for his conviction had not complied with the principle of foreseeability. In particular, he had been convicted for failing to stop participating in an unauthorised demonstration, despite the fact that the procedure for holding an assembly had not been clearly defined in domestic law. While the Constitution required only prior notification about a planned assembly, application by the authorities of certain provisions of the Law on Freedom of Assembly of 13 November 1998 resulted in a de facto system of prior authorisation. 71. The applicant claimed that, since the organisers had given advance notice to the BCEA about the demonstration of 17 November 2012, and since that demonstration had been peaceful, participation in that assembly had been his constitutional right and not a criminal offence. 72. The Government submitted that the domestic law on freedom of assembly complied with the principle of foreseeability. The law clearly set out the procedure for organising and holding assemblies. They also submitted that failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officer clearly constituted an offence under domestic legislation. 73. The Court notes that the complaint of a violation of the right not to be punished without law is linked to the complaints examined above and must therefore likewise be declared admissible. 74. However, having regard to its above findings in relation to Articles 5, 6 and 11 of the Convention, the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine whether in the applicant’s first case there has been a violation of Article 7. VI. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION
75. Lastly, the applicant complained under Article 7 of the Convention that in both cases a heavier penalty had been imposed on him than the one applicable at the time of the commission of the offence. In accordance with the CAO, he should not have been sentenced to administrative detention because he had a second-degree disability. The applicant also relied on Article 3 of the Convention in this respect. 76. The Government submitted that the applicant had failed to present to the domestic courts any appropriate document proving his second-degree disability. 77. Having regard to the material and the parties’ submissions in both of the applicant’s cases, the Court concludes that the applicant has failed to substantiate his complaints under Articles 7 and 3 of the Convention. 78. It follows that these complaints are manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention. VII. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
79. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
80. The applicant claimed a total of 31,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non-pecuniary damage for both cases. 81. The Government submitted that the applicant’s claim was unsubstantiated and unreasonable, and urged the Court to dismiss it. 82. The Court considers that the applicant has suffered non-pecuniary damage which cannot be compensated for solely by the finding of a violation, and that compensation should thus be awarded. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, as required by Article 41 of the Convention, the Court awards the applicant the sum of EUR 12,000 under this head (as the total amount for both cases), plus any tax that may be chargeable on this amount. B. Costs and expenses
83. The applicant claimed EUR 6,600, as the total amount for both cases, for the legal fees incurred before the domestic courts and before the Court. In support of his claim, he submitted contracts for legal and translation services. 84. The Government considered that the claim was excessive and could not be regarded as reasonable as to quantum. In particular, they noted that the contracts for legal and translation services mentioned above had been signed between the applicant and Mr R. Mustafazade. Those contracts contained a provision about payment to Mr R. Mustafazade of the legal fees incurred before the domestic courts. However, in fact the applicant had been represented before the domestic courts by other lawyers. The Government also argued that the applicant had failed to produce any evidence concerning translation services. 85. The Government further noted that according to the contracts for legal and translation services mentioned above, the applicant would have to pay the lawyers 20% of the damages awarded by the Court. 86. The Government lastly submitted that the amount of legal aid already granted to the applicant should be deemed as sufficient reimbursement of costs and expenses. 87. According to the Court’s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. The Court notes that in the proceedings before it the applicant was represented by the same lawyers, Mr R. Mustafazade and Mr A. Mustafayev, in both cases and that those lawyers’ submissions in both cases were very similar. In addition, at the domestic level Mr A. Mustafayev represented the applicant before the Court of Appeal only in the first case. 88. The Court also notes that the clause indicating that the applicant must pay the lawyers 20% of the damages is irrelevant for the assessment of costs and expenses incurred by the applicant. 89. Taking into account the above considerations, the Court awards a total amount of EUR 2,000 in respect of the services rendered by Mr R. Mustafazade and Mr A. Mustafayev, minus EUR 850, which the Council of Europe has already paid in legal aid. C. Default interest
90. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
1. Decides to join the applications;
2. Declares the complaints concerning Articles 5, 6, 7 (only the complaint raised in application no. 43137/13 that the applicant was subjected to punishment without law), 10 and 11 of the Convention admissible and the remainder of the applications inadmissible;
3. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 11 of the Convention on account of the dispersal of the demonstrations and the applicant’s arrests and convictions;
4. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention;
5. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 of the Convention on account of the applicant’s arrest and conviction following his participation in the demonstration of 17 November 2012;
6. Holds that there is no need to examine the complaint under Article 7 of the Convention raised in application no. 43137/13;
7. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months, the following amounts, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 12,000 (twelve thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 1,150 (one thousand one hundred and fifty euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicant, in respect of costs and expenses, to be paid directly into the applicant’s representatives’ bank account;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
8. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant’s claim for just satisfaction. Done in English, and notified in writing on 16 February 2017, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Milan BlaškoFaris VehabovićDeputy RegistrarPresident