I correctly predicted that there was a violation of human rights in IVASHKIV v. UKRAINE.

Judgment

FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF RADU AND OTHERS v. ROMANIA
(Applications nos. 2246/19 and 4 others –see appended list)

JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
8 July 2025

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Radu and Others v. Romania,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Ana Maria Guerra Martins, President, Anne Louise Bormann, Sebastian Răduleţu, judges,and Simeon Petrovski, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the applications against Romania lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by the applicants listed in the appended table, (“the applicants”), on the various dates indicated therein;
the decision to give notice of the applications to the Romanian Government (“the Government”) represented by their Agents, most recently Ms O.F. Ezer, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
the parties’ observations;
Having deliberated in private on 17 June 2025,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The facts, as submitted by the parties, are similar to those in Association “21 December 1989” and Others v. Romania (nos. 33810/07 and 18817/08, §§ 12-41, 24 May 2011), Moroșanu and Others v. Romania ([Committee], nos. 84271/17 and 4 others, §§ 4-11, 16 March 2021, and Lupu and Others v. Romania ([Committee], nos. 3107/19 and 16 others, §§ 3-7, 17 January 2023). 2. The applicants were injured by gunfire during demonstrations in Brașov, Bucharest and Slobozia which took place in December 1989 and led to the fall of the communist regime. The applicant in application no. 2246/19 (Mr. Radu) suffered injuries that necessitated forty-five days of medical care. The applicant in application no. 3173/19 (Mr. Zidaru) suffered injuries that necessitated between twelve and fourteen days of medical care. The applicant in application no. 3177/19 (Mr. Moarcăs) suffered injuries that necessitated between fourteen and sixteen days of medical care. The applicant in application no. 13940/19 (Ms. Ciubancan) suffered injuries that necessitated between thirty and thirty-five days of medical care and the applicant in application no. 41550/19 (Mr. Țuțui) suffered injuries that necessitated a year of medical care. 3. In 1990 the military prosecutor’s office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice opened investigations, of its own motion, into the injuries of the applicants and of other participants in the events of December 1989. The main criminal investigation was registered under file no. 97/P/1990 (currently no. 11/P/2014). All applicants participated in the investigation as injured parties, and all joined civil claims to the proceedings. 4. The relevant procedural steps taken during the investigation were described in Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 12-41) and in Moroșanu and Others (cited above, §§ 8-11). 5. On 5 April 2019 the military prosecutor’s office indicted several individuals (namely a former Romanian president, a former Romanian prime minister and a former commander of the Romanian air force) for crimes against humanity, and discontinued the investigation with regard to various other individuals for a range of reasons which prevented the continuation of criminal proceedings. 6. On 9 October 2020 the Preliminary Chamber of the High Court of Cassation and Justice ordered the return of the file to the military prosecutor’s office because of irregularities in the indictment. On 4 February 2021 the military prosecutor’s office recommenced proceedings after correcting the indictment. 7. On 14 June 2024 the Preliminary Chamber of the High Court of Cassation and Justice granted the complaints submitted by some of the parties, namely the accused and certain civil parties, against the indictment and ordered the prosecutor’s office to remedy the deficiencies that affected its legality. 8. On 20 September 2024 the same court established, by a final decision, that the deficiencies had not been remedied and ordered the return of the file to the prosecutor’s office. 9. According to the latest information available to the Court on 4 October 2024, it appears that the case is pending before the military prosecutor’s office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice. 10. The legal provisions relevant to the criminal proceedings instituted in connection with the events of December 1989 are set out in Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 95-100). 11. Relying on Article 2 of the Convention, all applicants complained of the lack of an effective criminal investigation by the authorities, capable of leading to the punishment of those responsible for their injuries suffered during the events of December 1989 in Bucharest, Brașov, and Slobozia. Relying on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the applicants in applications nos. 3173/19, 3177/19 and 41550/19 also complained about the length of the criminal proceedings, as the investigation in which the applicants participated was opened ex officio in 1990 and is still ongoing. THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT
12. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications and the similar legal issues raised, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment (Rule 42 § 1 of the Rules of Court). 13. The Court notes that these complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible. 14. The general principles concerning the effectiveness of an investigation into violent deaths have been summarised in Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 133-35), Mocanu and Others v. Romania ([GC], nos. 10865/09 and 2 others, § 322, ECHR 2014 (extracts)) and Lupu and Others (cited above, § 14). 15. Regarding application no. 3177/19 the Government alleged that while it was true that the applicant had been injured by gunshot, his injuries had not been life threatening. Moreover, they argued that, from the relatively few days of medical care he had required, his complaints should be analysed under Article 3 of the Convention. 16. The Court has previously held, with regards to bodily harm inflicted by agents of the State that did not end in the death of the victim, that the degree and type of force used and the intention or aim behind the use of force are relevant in assessing whether in a particular case the State agents’ actions in inflicting injury short of death are such as to bring the facts within the scope of the safeguard afforded by Article 2 of the Convention (see Makaratzis v. Greece [GC], no. 50385/99, §§ 49-55, ECHR 2004-XI). In the circumstances of the present cases, the State agents used firearms to suppress the anti-communist demonstrations and the applicants were victims of conduct which, by its very nature, put their life at grave risk, even though, in the event, they survived (see also Şandru and Others v. Romania, no. 22465/03, §§ 51-54, 8 December 2009). Article 2 of the Convention is thus applicable and the same principles regarding the effectiveness of the investigation apply. 17. In the present case the Court notes that shortly after the events of December 1989, a criminal investigation was opened into the injury of the applicants by gunfire. 18. Bearing in mind its jurisdiction ratione temporis, the Court notes that the investigation in the present case was opened thirty-four years ago and is still ongoing, more than thirty years after Romania ratified the Convention on 20 June 1994. 19. While being aware that steps were taken recently by the national authorities in order to pursue the criminal investigation into the events of December 1989 (see paragraphs 5-9 above), the Court cannot, however, depart from its previous conclusions concerning the shortcomings identified in the cases Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 133‐45) and Alecu and Others v. Romania (nos. 56838/08 and 80 others, § 39, 27 January 2015), and concludes that the criminal investigation in the present case does not meet the required standards, in particular since it has not been conducted with the reasonable expedition required by the Convention (see paragraphs 3-9 above). 20. The foregoing considerations are sufficient to enable the Court to conclude that the applicants were deprived of an effective investigation into their cases. 21. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention under its procedural limb. 22. The applicants in applications nos. 3173/19, 3177/19 and 41550/19 complained that the criminal proceedings concerning the events of December 1989 had been excessively lengthy. They relied in that connection on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. 23. In the light of its finding under Article 2 of the Convention (see paragraph 21 above), the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine the admissibility and merits of the complaints under Article 6 § 1 (see, among other authorities, Association “21 December 1989” and Others, cited above, § 181, and Alecu and Others, cited above, § 45). APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
24. The applicants claimed the amounts set out in the appendix in respect of non-pecuniary damage and in respect of costs and expenses for the lawyers’ fees incurred before the Court. 25. The Government contested the amounts as unsubstantiated. 26. Having regard to the documents in its possession, the Court considers that the violation of Article 2 of the Convention under its procedural limb has caused the applicants substantial non-pecuniary damage, such as distress and frustration. Ruling on an equitable basis, it awards them the amounts set out in the appendix, plus any tax that may be chargeable. 27. The Court also considers it reasonable to award those applicants who made a claim for the reimbursement of costs the amounts set out in the appendix in respect of lawyers’ fees for the proceedings before the Court. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay each of the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage and the amounts indicated in the appended table in respect of costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 8 July 2025, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Simeon Petrovski Ana Maria Guerra Martins Deputy Registrar President

APPENDIX
List of cases:

Application no. Lodged on
Applicant’s name,year of birth,place of residence
Represented by
Particular circumstances of the application
Amount claimed under Article 41 of the Convention
Amount to be paid by the respondent State under Article 41 of the Convention
1. 2246/19
21/12/2018
Sorin-Daniel RADU1970Bucharest
-
Injured by gunshot on 24 December 1989 in Bucharest. EUR 150,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. 2. 3173/19
03/01/2019
Constantin-Sorin ZIDARU1967Brașov
Sorin-George PAȘALICĂ
Injured by gunshot on 22 December 1989 in Brașov. EUR 20,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 in respect of lawyer’s fees. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses. 3. 3177/19
03/01/2019
Radu-Nicolae MOARCĂS1963Brașov
Sorin-George PAȘALICĂ
Injured by gunshot on 23 December 1989 in Brașov. EUR 20,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 in respect of lawyer’s fees. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses. 4. 13940/19
28/02/2019
Cornelia CIUBANCAN1968Slobozia
Ionuț MATEI
Injured by gunshot on 24 December 1989 in Slobozia. EUR 30,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. 5. 41550/19
25/07/2019
Silviu ȚUȚUI1970Montreal
Sorin-George PAȘALICĂ
Injured by gunshot on the night of 22/23 December 1989 in Brașov. EUR 20,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 in respect of lawyer’s fees. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses. FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF RADU AND OTHERS v. ROMANIA
(Applications nos. 2246/19 and 4 others –see appended list)

JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
8 July 2025

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Radu and Others v. Romania,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Ana Maria Guerra Martins, President, Anne Louise Bormann, Sebastian Răduleţu, judges,and Simeon Petrovski, Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the applications against Romania lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by the applicants listed in the appended table, (“the applicants”), on the various dates indicated therein;
the decision to give notice of the applications to the Romanian Government (“the Government”) represented by their Agents, most recently Ms O.F. Ezer, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
the parties’ observations;
Having deliberated in private on 17 June 2025,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The facts, as submitted by the parties, are similar to those in Association “21 December 1989” and Others v. Romania (nos. 33810/07 and 18817/08, §§ 12-41, 24 May 2011), Moroșanu and Others v. Romania ([Committee], nos. 84271/17 and 4 others, §§ 4-11, 16 March 2021, and Lupu and Others v. Romania ([Committee], nos. 3107/19 and 16 others, §§ 3-7, 17 January 2023). 2. The applicants were injured by gunfire during demonstrations in Brașov, Bucharest and Slobozia which took place in December 1989 and led to the fall of the communist regime. The applicant in application no. 2246/19 (Mr. Radu) suffered injuries that necessitated forty-five days of medical care. The applicant in application no. 3173/19 (Mr. Zidaru) suffered injuries that necessitated between twelve and fourteen days of medical care. The applicant in application no. 3177/19 (Mr. Moarcăs) suffered injuries that necessitated between fourteen and sixteen days of medical care. The applicant in application no. 13940/19 (Ms. Ciubancan) suffered injuries that necessitated between thirty and thirty-five days of medical care and the applicant in application no. 41550/19 (Mr. Țuțui) suffered injuries that necessitated a year of medical care. 3. In 1990 the military prosecutor’s office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice opened investigations, of its own motion, into the injuries of the applicants and of other participants in the events of December 1989. The main criminal investigation was registered under file no. 97/P/1990 (currently no. 11/P/2014). All applicants participated in the investigation as injured parties, and all joined civil claims to the proceedings. 4. The relevant procedural steps taken during the investigation were described in Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 12-41) and in Moroșanu and Others (cited above, §§ 8-11). 5. On 5 April 2019 the military prosecutor’s office indicted several individuals (namely a former Romanian president, a former Romanian prime minister and a former commander of the Romanian air force) for crimes against humanity, and discontinued the investigation with regard to various other individuals for a range of reasons which prevented the continuation of criminal proceedings. 6. On 9 October 2020 the Preliminary Chamber of the High Court of Cassation and Justice ordered the return of the file to the military prosecutor’s office because of irregularities in the indictment. On 4 February 2021 the military prosecutor’s office recommenced proceedings after correcting the indictment. 7. On 14 June 2024 the Preliminary Chamber of the High Court of Cassation and Justice granted the complaints submitted by some of the parties, namely the accused and certain civil parties, against the indictment and ordered the prosecutor’s office to remedy the deficiencies that affected its legality. 8. On 20 September 2024 the same court established, by a final decision, that the deficiencies had not been remedied and ordered the return of the file to the prosecutor’s office. 9. According to the latest information available to the Court on 4 October 2024, it appears that the case is pending before the military prosecutor’s office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice. 10. The legal provisions relevant to the criminal proceedings instituted in connection with the events of December 1989 are set out in Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 95-100). 11. Relying on Article 2 of the Convention, all applicants complained of the lack of an effective criminal investigation by the authorities, capable of leading to the punishment of those responsible for their injuries suffered during the events of December 1989 in Bucharest, Brașov, and Slobozia. Relying on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the applicants in applications nos. 3173/19, 3177/19 and 41550/19 also complained about the length of the criminal proceedings, as the investigation in which the applicants participated was opened ex officio in 1990 and is still ongoing. THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT
12. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications and the similar legal issues raised, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment (Rule 42 § 1 of the Rules of Court). 13. The Court notes that these complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible. 14. The general principles concerning the effectiveness of an investigation into violent deaths have been summarised in Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 133-35), Mocanu and Others v. Romania ([GC], nos. 10865/09 and 2 others, § 322, ECHR 2014 (extracts)) and Lupu and Others (cited above, § 14). 15. Regarding application no. 3177/19 the Government alleged that while it was true that the applicant had been injured by gunshot, his injuries had not been life threatening. Moreover, they argued that, from the relatively few days of medical care he had required, his complaints should be analysed under Article 3 of the Convention. 16. The Court has previously held, with regards to bodily harm inflicted by agents of the State that did not end in the death of the victim, that the degree and type of force used and the intention or aim behind the use of force are relevant in assessing whether in a particular case the State agents’ actions in inflicting injury short of death are such as to bring the facts within the scope of the safeguard afforded by Article 2 of the Convention (see Makaratzis v. Greece [GC], no. 50385/99, §§ 49-55, ECHR 2004-XI). In the circumstances of the present cases, the State agents used firearms to suppress the anti-communist demonstrations and the applicants were victims of conduct which, by its very nature, put their life at grave risk, even though, in the event, they survived (see also Şandru and Others v. Romania, no. 22465/03, §§ 51-54, 8 December 2009). Article 2 of the Convention is thus applicable and the same principles regarding the effectiveness of the investigation apply. 17. In the present case the Court notes that shortly after the events of December 1989, a criminal investigation was opened into the injury of the applicants by gunfire. 18. Bearing in mind its jurisdiction ratione temporis, the Court notes that the investigation in the present case was opened thirty-four years ago and is still ongoing, more than thirty years after Romania ratified the Convention on 20 June 1994. 19. While being aware that steps were taken recently by the national authorities in order to pursue the criminal investigation into the events of December 1989 (see paragraphs 5-9 above), the Court cannot, however, depart from its previous conclusions concerning the shortcomings identified in the cases Association “21 December 1989” and Others (cited above, §§ 133‐45) and Alecu and Others v. Romania (nos. 56838/08 and 80 others, § 39, 27 January 2015), and concludes that the criminal investigation in the present case does not meet the required standards, in particular since it has not been conducted with the reasonable expedition required by the Convention (see paragraphs 3-9 above). 20. The foregoing considerations are sufficient to enable the Court to conclude that the applicants were deprived of an effective investigation into their cases. 21. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention under its procedural limb. 22. The applicants in applications nos. 3173/19, 3177/19 and 41550/19 complained that the criminal proceedings concerning the events of December 1989 had been excessively lengthy. They relied in that connection on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. 23. In the light of its finding under Article 2 of the Convention (see paragraph 21 above), the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine the admissibility and merits of the complaints under Article 6 § 1 (see, among other authorities, Association “21 December 1989” and Others, cited above, § 181, and Alecu and Others, cited above, § 45). APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
24. The applicants claimed the amounts set out in the appendix in respect of non-pecuniary damage and in respect of costs and expenses for the lawyers’ fees incurred before the Court. 25. The Government contested the amounts as unsubstantiated. 26. Having regard to the documents in its possession, the Court considers that the violation of Article 2 of the Convention under its procedural limb has caused the applicants substantial non-pecuniary damage, such as distress and frustration. Ruling on an equitable basis, it awards them the amounts set out in the appendix, plus any tax that may be chargeable. 27. The Court also considers it reasonable to award those applicants who made a claim for the reimbursement of costs the amounts set out in the appendix in respect of lawyers’ fees for the proceedings before the Court. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
(a) that the respondent State is to pay each of the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage and the amounts indicated in the appended table in respect of costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 8 July 2025, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court. Simeon Petrovski Ana Maria Guerra Martins Deputy Registrar President

APPENDIX
List of cases:

Application no. Lodged on
Applicant’s name,year of birth,place of residence
Represented by
Particular circumstances of the application
Amount claimed under Article 41 of the Convention
Amount to be paid by the respondent State under Article 41 of the Convention
1. 2246/19
21/12/2018
Sorin-Daniel RADU1970Bucharest
-
Injured by gunshot on 24 December 1989 in Bucharest. EUR 150,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. 2. 3173/19
03/01/2019
Constantin-Sorin ZIDARU1967Brașov
Sorin-George PAȘALICĂ
Injured by gunshot on 22 December 1989 in Brașov. EUR 20,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 in respect of lawyer’s fees. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses. 3. 3177/19
03/01/2019
Radu-Nicolae MOARCĂS1963Brașov
Sorin-George PAȘALICĂ
Injured by gunshot on 23 December 1989 in Brașov. EUR 20,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 in respect of lawyer’s fees. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses. 4. 13940/19
28/02/2019
Cornelia CIUBANCAN1968Slobozia
Ionuț MATEI
Injured by gunshot on 24 December 1989 in Slobozia. EUR 30,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage. 5. 41550/19
25/07/2019
Silviu ȚUȚUI1970Montreal
Sorin-George PAȘALICĂ
Injured by gunshot on the night of 22/23 December 1989 in Brașov. EUR 20,000 in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 in respect of lawyer’s fees. EUR 20,000 (twenty thousand euros) in respect of non‐pecuniary damage;

EUR 500 (five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses.